More Ant References

Azhar, I. & Musa, M. J. (1988) Studies on the faunal and floral communities in the debris of coconut crown. Proc. Nat. Coconut Conf., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1982. MARDI, Kuala Lumpur: pp.

Azhar, I. (1985) Natural and cultural control in the management of selected cocoa pests. Proc. Sem. Integrated Pest Management in Malaysia. (Eds: Lee, B. S., Loke, W. H. & Heong, K. L.), MAPPS, Kuala Lumpur: pp. 225-267.

Azhar, I. (1989) Towards the development of integrated pest management of Helopeltis in Malaysia. MARDI Res. J. 17:55-68.

Azhar, I. (1992) Role of black ants in CPB natural control. MAPPS Newsl. 6:36-37.

Azhar, I. (1995) An overview on the management of key insect pests of cocoa with major emphasis on the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella. The Planter 71:472-477.

Azhar, I. (1997) Prospect of using cocoa black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith, as a natural biological control agent of the cocoa pod borer (CPB) in Malaysia. Proc. 2nd Nat. Sem. Entomol., 5-6 March 1997, Malacca. Kuala Lumpur: Entomological Society of Malaysia (ENTOMA).

Azhar, I., Samhanim, J. & Hassan, S. (2001) Variations in colony strength and local foraging pattern of the cocoa black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus, in cocoa-coconut ecosystem. Proc. Incoped 3rd International Seminar 16-17 October 2000. Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia: pp. 33-43.

Bakri, A. H., Asid, M. & Redshaw, M. J. (1986) Pemberantasan Helopeltis secara terpadu dengan penggunaan semut hitam dan bahan kimia pada tanaman coklat di Surnatera Utara. (Using black ants and chemicals in an integrated approach to control Helopeltis in cocoa in North Sumatra.) Temu Ilmiah Entomologi Perkebunan Indonesia, Medan, 1986, 11 pp.

Cheong, P. C. H. & Mohamed, M. (1999). Comparison of morphology of Sabah and West Malaysian Dolichoderus (thoracicus group) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Proceedings of the MCB-MAPPS Plant Protection Conference 99', 'Sustainable Crop Protection Practices in the Next Millennium' (Eds: Z. Sidek, C. L. Bong, V. S. Kanapathipillai, C. A. Ong and H. A. Kadir). Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur: pp. 135-136.

Chong, K. (2001) The Management of Major Insect Pests of Cocoa in Southeast Asia using Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Current Status of Research. Proceedings. Incoped 3rd International Seminar 16-17 October, 2000. Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia: , pp. 50-53.

Fennah, R. G. (1959) Nutritional factors associated with the development of mealybugs on cocoa. Rep. Cacao Res. 1957-58:18-28.

Giesberger, G. (1983) Biological control of Helopeltis pest of cocoa in Java. A critical review of forty years (1901-1941) research on Helopeltis, with special reference to the role of black cocoa ant Dolichoderus bituberculatus Mayr in the biological control system. In: Archives of Cocoa Research. 2. Cocoa Research in Indonesia 1900-1950. (Eds: H. Toxopeus & P. C. Wessel). American Cocoa Research Institute and International Office of Cocoa and Chocolate, Wageningen: pp. 91-180

Giesberger, G. (1983). Biological control of the Helopeltis pest of cocoa in Java. In Cocoa Research in Indonesia 1900-1950, Volume Two (eds. Toxopeus, H. and Wessel, P.C.) American Cocoa Research Institute and International Office of Cocoa and Chocolate, Wageningen: pp. 91-180.

Ho, C. T. & Khoo, K. C. (1994) Some factors influencing sustenance of high activity of black cocoa ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in cocoa estates. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Plant Protection in the Tropics. (Eds: A. Rajan and Y. B. Ibrahim). Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur: pp. 218-210

Ho, C. T. & Khoo, K. C. (1997) Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: Mutualism between Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Cataenococcus hispidus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 87:461-470.

Ho, C. T. (1994) Relationship between black cocoa ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abundance and cocoa borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) damage in a cocoa plantation. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Plant Protection in the Tropics. (Eds: A. Rajan & Y. B. Ibrahim). Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur: pp. 214-215

Khoo, K. C. & Chung, G. F. (1989) Use of black cocoa ant to control mirid damage in cocoa. The Planter 65:370-383.

Khoo, K. C. & Ho, C. T. (1992) The influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on losses due to Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae), black pod disease, and mammalian pests in cocoa in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82:485-491.

Liew, V. K. (1999) Spatial and temporal distribution of Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith in a cocoa-coconut agroecosystem. Master of Agricultural Science thesis, University Putra, Malaysia. 85 pp.

Liew, V. K., Khoo, K. C. & Leong, C. W. (1994) A re-evaluation of cost of establishment of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a cocoa-coconut agroecosystem. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Plant Protection in the Tropics. (Eds: A. Rajan & Y. B. Ibrahim). Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur: pp. 216-217

Maia, V., Busoli, A. & Delabie, J. (2001) Toxicity of insecticides to workers of Azteca chartifex spiriti Forel, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in cocoa agroecosystem of South-Eastern Bahia, Brazil. Proc. Incoped 3rd International Seminar 16-17 October 2000. Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia: pp. 54-56.

Nur Samhanim A. J. (2000) The distribution of cocoa black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in cocoa fields. B.S. Hons. Thesis Project, Dept. of Biology, Univ. Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor: 142 pp. (In Malay language).

See, Y. A. & Khoo, K. C. (1996) Influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa pod damage by Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 86:467-474.

Way, M. J. & Khoo, K. C. (1989) Relationships between Helopeltis theobromae damage and ants with special reference to Malaysian cocoa smallholdings. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 6:1-11.

Way, M. J. & Khoo, K. C. (1991) Colony dispersion and nesting habits of the ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in relation to their success as biological control agents on cocoa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 81:341-350.

Wong, Y. & Kuang, L. (2001) Preliminary Results of Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) by Black Cocoa Ant (Dolichoderus sp.) in Teck Guan Cocoa Estate, Tawau. Proceedings. Incoped 3rd International Seminar 16-17 October 2000. Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia: pp. 44-49.

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