A Bibliography of Mirid Pests of Cocoa


These mirid citations were derived from a variety of sources; CAB Abstracts, Biosis, and Agricola, plus several other U. S. and European databases in addition to my personal library and collections of articles on the subject. It is a compilation of the more recent articles, mostly from the past 25 years.
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Abreu, J. M. de. 1977. Neotropical Miridae associated with cacao plants [in Portuguese]. Pages 85-106 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Abreu, J. M. de. 1979. Cacao plant bugs Theobroma cacao; Bug; 4. International cacao course [in Portuguese]. Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau 9.

Ackonor, J. B. (1994) Quantification of termite infestation on cocoa. Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst. Ghana, 1991-92: pp 182-183.

Ackonor, J. B. (1997) Preliminary studies on breeding and predation of Scymnus (Pullus) sp. and Hyperaspis egregia Mader on Planococcoides njalensis (Laing). Proc. ls' INCOPED Seminar, 6-10 November 1995, Accra, Ghana: pp 238-241

Ackonor, J. B. (1999) Parasitism and predation in Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on cocoa in Ghana. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 76 (4):269-274.

Adeyemi, S. A. O., Youdeowei, A. & Omole, M. M. 1977. The present status of cocoa mirid resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in Nigeria. Proc. 6th Int. Cocoa Res. Conf., Caracas, Venequela, 1977. 11: 33.

Adu-Ampomah, Y. (2001) Cocoa germplasm and conservation. Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst. 1998-99.

Aldrich, J. R. 1988. Chemical ecology of the Heteroptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 33: 211-238.

Ali, F. M. 1972. Effect of gamma BHC against capsids on cocoa in Ghana. Exp. Agr. B(l): 73-77.

Alias, A., Rita, M. & Khoo, K. C. 1988. Comparative merits of cocoa pod and shoot as food sources of the mirid Helopeltis theobromae. The Planter, Kuala Lumpur 64: 100-104.

Ambika, B. & Abraham, C. C. 1979. Bio-ecology of Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Miridae: Hemiptera) infesting cashew trees. Association for Advancement of Entomology, University of Kerala, India. Entomon. Trivandrum. 4(4): 335-342.

Ambika, B. & Abraham, C. C. 1983. New record of Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse and an undetermined species of Helopeltis (Miridae:Hemipetra) as potential pests of cashew, Anacardium occiclentale Linn. Indian. J. Entomol. 45(2): 183-184.

Ambika, B., Abraham, C. C. & Vidyadharan, K. K. 1980. Relative susceptibility of cashew types to infestation by Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Hemiptera:Miridae). Pages 513-516 in C. S. Venkata Ram, ed. PLACROSYM II: entomology, microbiology, nematology, plant pathology and rodentology of plantation crops. Kerala, India: Indian Society for Plantation Crops.

Anonymous. (1951) Biological control of cocoa mealybugs. Rep. West Afr. Coca Res. Inst. 1949-1950: pp 40-42.

Anonymous. 1946. Capsid Research, Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst., 1944-45, pp. 22-28.

Anonymous. 1947. Capsid Research, Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst., 1945-46, pp. 25-39.

Anonymous. 1948. Capsid Research, Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst,. 1947-48, pp. 42-57.

Anonymous. 1948. Capsid Research, Rep. W. Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst., 1946-47, pp. 29-41.

Anonymous. 1957. Joint WACRI and department of Agriculture Caspid control trials in Quart. Rep. West. African Cocoa Research, Ghana. 1956-67, 53-55.

Anonymous. 1968. International Capsid Research Team, 2nd Quart. Rep., 1968 (cyclostyled), 12pp.

Anonymous. 1968. International Capsid Research Team, 3rd Quart. Rep., 1968 (cyclostyled), 24pp.

Anonymous. 1969. International Capsid Research Team, 1st Quart. Rep., 1969 (cyclostyled), 21pp.

Anonymous. 1969. International Capsid Research Team, 2nd Quart. Rep., 1969 (cyclostyled), 36pp.

Anonymous. 1969. Study-days on the cocoa mirids in West Africa, Yaounde, 16-19 Aorocniaolz [in French]. Cafe Cacao The 13(3): 201-205.

Anonymous. 1970. International Capsid Research Team, 1st Quart. Rep., 1970 (cyclostyled), 37pp.

Anonymous. 1970. International Capsid Research Team, 2nd Quart. Rep., 1970, 16pp.

Anonymous. 1971. Recommended methods for the detection and measurement of resistance of agricultural pests to pesticides. Tentative method for nymphs of cocoa mirids (Distantiella theobroma Dist. and Sahlbergella singularis Hagl). FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 19(3): 62-65.

Anonymous. 1977. Capsids threaten world cocoa production. Chemagro-Cour. 2: 24-25.

Aryeetey, E. A. & Kumar, R. 1973. Structure and function of the dorsal abdominal gland and defence mechanism in cocoa-capsids (Miridae: Heteroptera). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., Ser. A. Gen. Entomol. 47(2): 181-189.

Awang, M., Muhamad, R. & Hassan, S. A. S. A. 1991. The effects of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide singly or in combination on the growth performance of cocoa mirids Helopeltis theobromae Miller. Pertanika. 14(l): 7-14.

Awang, M., R, Muhamad, K. C. Khoo. 1988. Comparative merits of cacao pod and shoot as food sources of mirid, Helopeltis theobromae Miller. The Planter, Kuala Lumpur 64(744): 100-104.

Balasubramanian, M., & Kalyanasundaram, P. 1974. Studies on the incidence of tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii S. on guava varieties. Annamalai. Univ. Agric. Res. Annu. 4/5: 158-161.

Ban, J. N. 1971. Recent progress in the chemical control of cacao mirids [in French]. Cafe Cacao The 15(2): 129-134.

Bigger, M. 1993. Ant Homopteran interactions in a tropical ecosystem - description of an experiment on cocoa in Ghana. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83(4): 475-505.

Bigger, M. 1993. Time series analysis of variation in abundance of selected cocoa insects and fitting of simple linear predictive models. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83(2): 153-169.

Boivin, G. & Stewart, R. K. 1982. Attraction of male green apple bugs, Lygocoris communis (Hemiptera: Miridae) to caged females. Can. Entomol. 114: 765-766.

Bolton, B. 1969. Report from Nigeria, January-June, 1969. International Caspid Research Team. 2nd Quart. Rep., 1969 (cyclostyled), pp 19-36.

Bolton, B. 1970. Report from Nigeria, January 1970. International Caspid Research Team. 1st Quart. Rep., 1970 (cyclostyled), pp 21-37. Bolton, B. 1973. A Bacterial Pathogen of Cocoa Capsid. Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst. Ghana. 155-156.

Booker, R. H. 1968. Ecological studies on cocoa insects. International Caspid Research Team. 1st Quart. Rep., 1968 (cyclostyled), pp. 16-23.

Box, H. E. 1943. Caspid pests of cocoa in West Africa. Outline of present knowledge and proposed lines of research, Memor. Cocoa Res. Sta. Tafo, Ghana. no. 12, 11 pp.

Box, H. E. 1944. The Sahlbergella menace to Gold Coast cocoa. Mem. Cocoa Res. Sta. 9: 1-8.

Brew, A. H. 1992. Toward the use of pathogenic micro-organisms in the control of some cocoa insect pests in Ghana. Cocoa Growers' Bull. 45: 26-31.

Brun, L. A., Sounigo, O., Coulibaly, N., and C. Cilas. (1997) Methods of analysis for studying cocoa susceptibility to mirids. Euphytica. 94(3):349-359.

Bruneau, P. de Mire. 1977. Dynamics of Miridae populations and their implications [Cocoa pests]. [In French] In Les Mirides du cacaoyer, E. M. Lavabre, ed. p. 171-186.

Bruneau, P. de Mire. 1977. Relations between studies on Miridae and other entomologiccal problems in cocoa culture. [In French] In Les Mirides du cacaoyer, E. M. Lavabre, ed. p. 343-351. Ref.

Callan, E. M. 1975. Miridae of the genus Teratophylidea (Hemiptera) as predators of cacao thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus. Entomophaga. 20(4): 389-391.

Carayon, J. 1949. Helopeltis (Hem. Miridae) nouveaux nuisiblis aux quinquinas en Afrique francaise, BUll Mus. Natn. Hist. nat., Paris, 2nd series, 21, 558-65.

Carayon, J. 1977. General characters of Hemiptera Bryocorinae [in French]. Pages 13-34 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Carvalho, J. C. de M. 1953. On the major classification of the Miridae (with keys to subfamilies and tribes and a catalogue of the world genera). Ann. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. 24: 31-110.

Carvalho, J. C. de M. 1957. Cataloga dos mirideos do mundo. Parte 1. Subfamilies Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae, Arg. Museum Nac., 44, 158 pp. Brazil.

Carvalho, J. C. de M. 1972. Neotropical Miridae, 146. genus Monalonion H. S., 1853 (Hemiptera) [in Portuguese]. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. An. 44(l): 119-143.

Carvalho, J. C. de M. 1988. Neotropical Miridae. 280. Two new species of the genus Neoleucon Destant and taxonomic note on Monalonion peruvianus Kirkaldy (Hemiptera) [in Portuguese]. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 32(2): 175-178.

Cheng, H. T. 1990. Screening for alternative insecticides and evaluation of spray additives/adjuvants for control of Helopeltis theobromae Miller in cocoa [Malaysia]. Malaysian Plant Protection Society. 54-63.

Chin, P. K., Abdullah, S. & Khoo, K. C. 1988. Studies on the predator-pry relationship between Oecophylla smaragdina and Helopeltis theobromae using the radiotracer technique. In: Modern Insect Control: Nuclear Techniques and Biotechnology, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 427-435.

China, W. E. 1929. A new genus and species of Byrocoropsis (Hemiptera:Caspidae) on cacao in Fernando Poo, Bull. ent. Res., 20, 253-254.

China, W. E. 1944. New and little known West African Miridae (Caspidae: Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Bull. ent. Res., 35, 179-191.

Chung, G. F. & Wood, B. J. 1989. Chemical control of Helopeltis theobromae Mill. and crop loss assessment in cocoa. J. Plant Prot. Trop. Kuala Lumpur: The Malaysian Plant Protection Society. 6(l): 35-48.

Clayphon, J. E. 1979. The evaluation of a motorised knapsack mistblower. PANS 25(4): 440-443.

Cobben, R. H. 1968. Evolutionary Trends in Heteroptera Part 1. Eggs, architecture of the shell, gross embryology and eclosion. (Pudoc, Wageningen.)

Cochrane, R. W. & Entwistle, P. 1964. Preliminary world bibliography of mirids and other Heteroptera associated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Cocoa Res. Inst. Tafo.

Coker, W. Z. 1974. Electrophoretic patterns of some enzymes of three insect pests of cocoa (Distantiella theobroma, Sahlbergella singularis, Bathycoelia thallassina). Ghana. J. Sci. 14(l): 33-37.

Collingwood, C. A. & King, A. B. S. 1969, Ant-Caspid-canopy relations, International Caspid Research Team, 3rd. Quart. Rep., 1969 (cyclostyled), p. 16.

Collingwood, C. A. & Marchart, H. (1972) Varietal differences in capsid susceptibility. Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst., Ghana, 1969-70: pp 96-98

Collingwood, C. A., Marchant, H., Clayphon, J. E. & Mautaew, F. K. 1970. Caspid Spraying Trials, 1968. Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst. Ghana, 1968-69, CRIG. Tafo pp. 64-70.

Collingwood, C. A. 1969. Assessment methods for cocoa mirid trials. Cafe Cacao The 13(3): 206-208.

Collingwood, C. A. 1971. A comparison of assessment methods in cocoa mirid control trials, Proc. 3rd Internat. Cocoa Res. Conf., Accra, Ghana, November, 1969.

Collingwood, C. A. 1971. Cocoa Capsids in West Africa. Report of International Capsid Research Team 1965-71. International Office Cocoa and Chocolate: London.

Collingwood, C. A. 1977. African Miridae associated with cacao plants [in French]. Pages 77-83 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Collingwood, C. A. 1977. African mirids on cacao. Pages 71-76 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Collingwood, C. A. 1977. Biological control and relations with other insects [Cacao, Miridae]. Pages 237-255 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Collingwood, C. A. 1977. Insecticide resitance of cocoa mirids in West Africa. Pages 279-284 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Conway, G. R. 1964. A note on mirid bugs (Hempitera: Miridae) and some other insect pests of cocoa in Sabah, Malaysia, Proc. Conf. Mirids and other Pests cocoa, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1964, pp. 80-84.

Cotterell, G. S. 1926. Preliminary studies on the life history and habits of Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. S. theobroma Dist. attacking cocoa in the Gold Coast with suggested control measures, Bull. Dep. Agric. Gold Cst., 3, 26 pp.

Cotterell, G. S. 1927. Life history and habits, etc. of Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Sahlbergella theobroma Dist. Bull. Dept. Agr. Gold Coast. 7: 40-43.

Cotterell, G. S. 1943. Sahbergella and related caspids, Rep. Cent. Cocoa Res. Stn. Tafo, Gold Cst., 1938-42, pp. 46-51

Crowdy, S. H. 1947. Observations on the pathogenicity of Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. and Br.) Sacc. on Theobroma cacoa L. Ann. Appl. Biol. 34: 45-59.

Damodaran, V. K. & Balakrishnan-Nair, M. P. 1968. Insecticidal trial for the control of Helopeltis sp. on cashew. S. Indian Hort. 16(1/2): 20-23.

De Jong, J. K. 1934. Anatomische waarnemingen bij Helopeltis (Helopeltis antonii Sigh.) Arch. Theecult. Ned. -Ind., 1934, pp. 38-57.

de Mire, B. 1965. Comparaison entre deux modes de traitment anti-mirides du cacaoyer: la thermonebulisation et liatomisation. Conf. Int. Recherches Agron. Cacaoyeres, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 1965. 154-159.

de Mire, B. 1969. An ant used in the Cameroun for the control of cacao mirids: Wasmannia auropuncta Roger [In French]. Cafe Cacao The 13(3): 209-212.

de Mire, B. 1970. Observations on the seasonal fluctuations of a population of Sahlbergella singularis in Cameroon [In French]. Cafe Cacao The 14(3): 202-208.

de Mire, B. 1977. Dynamics of Miridae populations and their implications [Cacao pests] [in French]. Pages 171-186 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

de Mire, B. 1977. Relation between studies on Miridae and other entomological problems in cacao culture [in French]. Pages 335341 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Decazy, B. & Essono, B. 1979. Control tests of infestation and anti-mirid treatments Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobromae on cacao [in French]. Cafe Cacao The 23(l): 35-42.

Decazy, B. & Lotode, R. 1975. Behaviour of hybrid families of cocoa trees subjected to Helopeltis Sign. attacks [in French]. Cafe Cacao The 19(4): 303-306.

Decazy, B. 1974. Seasonal variation of population of Boxiopsis madagascariensis Lavabre, a devastating Madagascar cacoa mirid [In French]. Cafe Cacao The 18(4): 155-262.

Decazy, B. 1977. Miridae of cacao plants in Madagascar: Boxiopsis madagascariensis Lavabre [in French]. Pages 123-137 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Decazy, B. 1979. Control of the mirids Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobroma of cocoa tree in Cameroon. New data on the fog-sprayed insecticides [in French]. Cafe Cacao The 23(3): 187-192.

Decazy, B. 1981. Shade and anti-Miridae cocoa treatments: their influence on yield [in French]. 7th International Cocoa Research Conference. Lagos, Nigeria: Cocoa Producers' Alliance. pp. 443-446.

Decelle, J. 1964. La lutte contre les mirides du cacaoyer en Cote d'Ivoire, Proc. Conf. Mirid Control, Ghana, 1963, pp. 53-54.

Dejean, A., Nkongmeneck, B., Corbara, B. & Djieto-Lordon, C. 1991. Study of the impact of arboricolous ants and associated Homoptera on an Achaea catocaloides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) outbreak in a cocoa plantation in Cameroon. Acta oecologica. 12(4): 471-488.

Donald, R. G. (1956) The natural enemies of some Pseudococcidae in the Gold Coast. J. West Afr. Sci. Assoc. 2(1):48-60.

Donald, R. G. 1958. A caspid control experiment in the Western Region of Nigeria, Rep. Cocoa Conf. London, 1957, pp. 119-124.

Donkor, M. A., Henderson, C. P. & Jones, A. P. (1991) Survey to quantify adoption of CRIG recommendations. FSU Res. Paper 3, Cocoa Res. Inst. Ghana.

Dufour, B., Guyot, B., Coulibaly, N. & Decazy, B. 1990. Test of a new fumigation material against crop pests. (First results on cocoa). Paris: ANPP. 3: 907-914.

Dun, G. S. 1954. Notes on cacao capsids in New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agr. Gaz. 8: 7-11.

Dunn, J. A. 1963. Insecticide resistance in the cocoa caspid, Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), Nature, Lond., 199-207.

Dunn, J. A. 1963. Joint WACRI and Dept. of Agric. Caspid Control Trials. Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst. Ghana 1961-62, pp. 30.

Dunn, J. A. 1963. The resistance pattern in a strain of the cocoa capsid Distaniella theobroma (Dist). Nature. 199 No. 4899: 1207-1208.

Dzolkhifli O., Khoo., K. C., Rita, M. & Ho, C. T. 1984. Preliminary study of resistance in 4 populations of Helopeltis theobromae Miller (Hemiptera: Miridae) to gamma-HCH, propoxur and dioxacarb. International Conference on Cocoa and Coconuts, Kuala Lumpar

Eguagie, W. E, 1977. Studies on biotic potential and sex ratio of the cacao mirid, Sahlbergella singularis Haglund (Heteroptera). Niger. J. Plant Prot. 3: 68-75.

Eguagie, W. E. 1972. An ecological evaluation of the effects of spraying Gamma BHC, Sevin and Sumithion for mirid control on cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. in Western Nigeria. Bull. Ent. Soc. of Nigera 3 Part I, 37-49.

Eguagie, W. E. 1973. Field susceptibility of the cocoa mirid, Sahlbergella singularis Haglund (Heteroptera) to some new insecticides. [Cacao]. Pestic. Sci. 4(3): 273-282.

Entwistle, P. F. & Youdeowei, A. 1964. A preliminary world review of cacao mirids. Proc. Conf. Mirids and Other Pests of Cacao. 71-79.

Entwistle, P. F., Youdeowei, A. & Euaguae, W. 1964. Field experiments in the control of Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemptera: Miridae) with Sevin and Sumithion in Nigeria, Proc. Conf. Mirids and Other Pests Cacao, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1964, pp. 26-34.

Entwistle, P. F. 1964. Cocoa mirids in Nigeria. A review of present knowledge. Cocoa mirid control cont. info. 1963. 55-61.

Entwistle, P. F. 1964. The distribution of mirid species and of resistant mirids in Nigeria. Proc. Conf. Mirids Pests Cacao, Ibadan, 1964. 9-17.

Entwistle, P. F. 1965. Cocoa mirids. Part I. A world review of biology and ecology. Cocoa Grower's Bull. 5: 16-20.

Entwistle, P. F. 1972. Pests of Cocoa. Longman, London.

Eskes, A. B. (1999) Specific report on the July 1999 visit to Ghana (CRIG) - Insect resistance, 7 pp.

Evaristo, F. N. & Pais, M. H. 1970. Revision of the genus Helopeltis (Hemiptera-Miridae) in Mozambique [in Portuguese]. Agron. Mocambicana. 4(3): 181-189.

Fernando, H. E. & Manickvasgar, R. 1956. Economic damage and control of cacao capsid Helopeltis sp. in Ceylon. Trop. Agriculturist. 112: 23-36.

Gerard, B. M. 1964. Field trials of insecticides to control cocoa mirids (Hemiptera) in Ghana. Mimeograph.

Gerard, B. M. 1964. Procedure following the discovery of insecticide resistance in a mirid pest of cocoa in Ghana, Ghana J. Sci., 4, 133-140.

Gerard, B. M. 1968. A note on mirid damage to mature cacao pods, Nigerian Ent. Mag., 1, 59-60.

Gerard, B. M. 1969. Field methods of assessing the effect of insecticides on cacao mirids in West Africa. Int. Cacao Res. Conf. Mem. 264-272.

Gerard, B. M. 1969. Mirids in isolated cacao plots Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst., Nigeria, 1967-68, pp. 24-25.

Gererd, B. M. 1964. Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana. Proc. Conf. Mirids Pests Cacao, Ibadan 1964, 101-111.

Gererd, B. M. 1964. Side effects from the use of insecticides. II. Effects on insects other than mirids. Proc. Cacao Mirid Control Conf., Tafo, 1963, 28-31.

Ghani-Ibrahim, A. 1990. Effects of foliar applications of selected insecticides on cocoa pests and pollinators. Pertanika. 13 (3) : 3 61-366.

Ghesquiere, J. 1922. Notice Monographique sur les Helopeltis, Sign. (Miridae) ethiopiens, Revue zool. afr., 10, 281-300.

Gibbs, D. G. & Pickett, A. D. 1966. Feeding by Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) on cocoa. I. The effects of water stress in the plant. Bull. Entomol. Res. 57: 159-70.

Gibbs, D. G., Pickett, A. D. & Leston, L. 1968. Seasonal population changes in cocoa capsids (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Ghana. Bull. Ent. Res. 58: 279-293.

Golding, F. D. 1941. Capsid pests of cacao in Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res. 32: 83-89.

Goodchild, A. J. P. 1952. A study of the digestive tract of the West African cacao capsid bugs. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 141: 851-910.

Goodchild, A. J. P. 1963. Studies on the functional anatomy of the intestines of Heteroptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 141, 851-910.

Gopalan, M. & Perumal, R. S. 1973. Studies on the incidence of tea-mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii S.) on some varieties of Guava. Madras. Agr. J. 60(2): 81-85.

Graham, M. K. 1991. Biological control of Helopeltis spp. in mature cocoa by the black ant (Dolichoderus bituberculatus) and the cocoa mealybug (Planococcus lilacinus). The Planter, Kuala Lumpur 67(788): 543-546.

Green, E. E. 1901. Helopeltis. What we know and what we want to know about it, Circ. R. Bot. Gdn. Ceylon, (1) 21, 277-283.

Hammond, P. S. 1957. Caspid control on mature cacao, New Gold Cst. Fmr., 1, 109-115.

Heirbaut, M. & van Danane, P. 1992. The use of artificial nests to establish colonies of the black cocoa ant Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith used for biological control of Helopeltis theobromae Mill. in Malaysia. Belgium: International Symposium on Crop Protection. 57(2-3): 533-542.

Herblot, G. & Cheze, B. 1977. Devices used in the control of cacao plant Miridae [in French]. Pages 289-328 in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer.

Hinton, H. E. 1962. The structure of the shell and respiratory system of the eggs of Helopeltis and related genera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 139: 438-88.

Ho, C. T. & Khoo, K. C. 1991. Comparing three methods of introduction of the black cocoa ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) for control of mirid damage in cocoa of Peninsular Malaysia. International Cocoa Conference, Kuala Lumpar.

Ho, C. T. & Khoo, K. C. 1994. Some factors influencing sustenance of high activity of black cocoa, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in cocoa estates. Proceedings from the 4th International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics, 28-31 March 1994, Kuala Lumpur.

Ho, C. T. 1994. Methods towards efficient establishment of introduced black cocoa ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus for natural control of Helopeltis theivora Damage in Cocoa. The Planter, Kuala Lumpur 70:487-495.

Houillier, M. 1965. Etude experimentale de la rapartition de piqures de mirides (Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. et Distantiella theobromae Distant) sur cabosse de cacaoyer. Rev. Pathol. Vegetal. Entomol. Agr. France. 43: 201-208.

Houillier, M. 1965. Influence de l'ecliairment du cacaoyer sur le comportement de ponte du miride Sahlbergella singularis Hagl., Revue Path veg. Ent. agric. Fr., 43, 209-211.

Houillier, M. 1965. Regime alimentaire et disponibilite de ponte des mirides dissimules du cacaoyer, Revue Path. veg. Ent. agric. Fr., 43, 195-200.

Ibrahim, A. G. 1990. Effect of foliar application of selected insecticides on cocoa pollinators. Malaysian Plant Protection Society. 133pp.

Idowu O. L. 1989. Control of Economic Insect Pests of Cacao: In: Progress in Tree Crop Research 2nd Edition (Cocoa, Kola, Coffee, Cashew, and Tea): A commemorative book to mark the 25th Anniversary of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Chapter 7 pp. 89-102.

Idowu, O. L. 1987. Comparative Toxicities of New Insecticides to the Cocoa Mirid, Sahlbargella singularis in Nigeria. Proceedings 10th International Cocoa Research Conference. Santo Domingo, Dominican republic, 17th-23rd May 1987 pp. 531-534.

Idowu, O. L. 1993. Preliminary evaluation of inputs for a simple model integrated management of the cocoa capsid, Sahlbergella singularis (Hagl.) in Nigeria. Page 118 in llth International Cocoa Research Conference. Cote d'Ivoire.

Indrarto, N. 1992. Life history of the black ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith) in association with the mealybug (Planococcus lilacinus (Ckl.) and its effects on regulating Helopeltis bakeri Poppies population. Philippines Univ. 82 leaves.

Jamaludin, S. 1991. The insecticidal activity and efficacy of some insecticides against Helopeltis theobromae Miller on cocoa. Mardi Res. Malaysia: Cocoa/Coconut Res. Div. 19(l): 63-69.

Jeevaratnam, K. & Rajapakse, R. H. S. 1981. Biology of Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Sri Lanka Tea mosquito, cause of inflorescence blight in cashew, includes predators. Association for Advancement of Entomology (India), Univ. of Kerala. 6(3): 247-251.

Jeevaratnam, K. & Rajapakse, R. H. S. 1981. Studies on the chemical control of the mirid bug, Helopeltis antonii Sign., in the cashew DDT, BHC. Insect Sci. Applica. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1(4): 399-402.

Johnson, C. G. & Burge, G. A. 1971. Field trials of anti-capsid insecticides on farmers' cocoa in Ghana, 1956-60. Effects of different insecticides compared by counting capsids, and capsid-counting compared with counting the percentage of newly damaged trees. Ghana J. Agr. Sci. 4(l): 33-38.

Johnson, C. G., Burge, G. A. & Gibbs, D. G. 1970. Field trials of anti-capsid insecticides on farmers' cocoa in Ghana, 1956-60. Comparing the effects of treatments by assessing subsequent damage. Ghana J. Agr. Sci. 5(2): 155-177.

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