|
Objective A
|
|
NC-213
|
|
Determine the effects of genetic traits, abiotic environmental conditions, and handling practices on the quality of cereals and oilseeds
|
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From:
Department
of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
By: Hurburgh, Jr., C.R.
Brumm, T.J.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 1a
Project Objectives: Maintain a
database of grain quality information.
Results for 2002: Since 1986, Iowa State University (ISU) and the American
Soybean Association (ASA) have been surveying the quality of new crop soybean
harvests. In response to a mailed request producers, representing all 29
soybean production states, provided samples of 2001 crop soybeans for analysis.
Samples were analyzed for protein and oil contents with an Infratec
near-infrared instrument (Foss North America,
The
The variability (standard deviation) within states, regions, and the
Plans for 2003: Continue the survey. Expand the
amino acid component. Publish historic data and trends.
Publications:
Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2002. Quality of the
Brumm, T.J. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2002. Quality of the 2002 Soybean Crop from
the
Table 1. American Soybean Association 2002 soybean quality survey data.
Table 2. Summary of Yield and Quality Data for
Return to Table of Contents
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: The
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
By: Pratt, R.C.
Thomison, P.R.
Beuerlein, J.E.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 1a
Project Objectives: Determine the effects of genetic traits, climatic
factors, agronomic practices, pest populations, machine harvesting, and drying
on the quality of cereals and oilseeds.
Results for 2002: One grain sample of each soybean cultivar entered in 1 test
in the appropriate maturity region, and 3 samples of each maize hybrid in 1
test within each of 3 regional tests, were analyzed using the Tecator 1225
whole grain near-infrared transmittance analyzer and Compositional Systems
System One calibrations. The 2001 corn compositional values reported in the
2001 Annual Report were erroneous. The correct values are reported in Table 1.
The 2002 corn (n=358), and soybean (n=192) compositional values from the
respective state variety performance tests are reported in Tables 2-3. The data
show corn compositional values were higher in 2002 than in 2001 at all
locations. Corn compositional values were highest in the Norwest region for
protein and starch. Northwest region values were equal to North central -
Northeastern regional sites in oil composition, while still higher than
Southwestern - West Central regional tests. Soybean oil and protein
concentrations were both higher in 2002 than in 2001. Roundup Ready and
conventional soybean grain quality characteristics were nearly identical,
except that seed size was greater for the normal varieties
Plans for 2003: A database documenting regional and seasonal variations in
compositional data in
Publications:
2002
Issues:
New market opportunities are being created by the sale of specialty hybrids with
value-added traits such as elevated grain protein or oil composition. Objective
evaluations are needed so that producers will know the compositional
characteristics, as well as the agronomic characteristics, of cultivars.
Information is also needed to ascertain trends attributable to season or region
of production.
What Was Done: Grain samples of varieties included in
soybean and maize performance tests were analyzed and reported. Producers and
seedsmen now have an information base from which to evaluate the value of
different cultivars for various end-uses.
Impacts: Greater awareness of grain compositional traits of
varieties has been created. Linkages between producers and end-users of
value-added crops have been fostered.
Contacts:
Rich Pratt Peter R. Thomison
NC-213
Horticulture and Crop Science Horticulture and Crop
Science
OSU-OARDC OSU-OARDC
tel.
330-263-3972 fax. 330-263-3887 tel. 614-292-2373 fax. 614-292-7162
email Thomison.1@osu.edu
Jim Beuerlein
Soybean Performance
Test
Horticulture and Crop Science, OSU
tel. 614-292-9080 fax. 614-292-7162
Table 1. Grain Quality of Corn
Hybrids in
|
Region |
-------- Number --------- |
-- Protein % -- |
---- Oil % ---- |
---- Startch % ---- | ||||
|
|
hybrids |
locations |
mean |
range |
mean |
range |
mean |
range |
|
Southwestern - West Central |
122 |
1 |
7.5 |
6.3-8.4 |
3.3 |
3.0-4.0 |
57.2 |
53.3-59.9 |
|
Northwestern |
124 |
1 |
8.5 |
7.6-9.5 |
3.8 |
3.3-4.2 |
61.3 |
59.9-63.1 |
|
Northcentarl - Northeastern |
96 |
1 |
8.7 |
7.5-10.2 |
3.8 |
3.3-4.3 |
61.2 |
60.0-62.6 |
Compositional data are expressed at 15.0% moisture basis.
Table 2. Grain Quality of
Corn Hybrids in
|
Region |
-------- Number --------- |
-- Protein % -- |
---- Oil % ---- |
---- Startch % ---- | ||||
|
|
hybrids |
locations |
mean |
range |
mean |
range |
mean |
range |
|
Southwestern - West Central |
128 |
1 |
8.5 |
7.4-9.6 |
4.1 |
3.3-4.6 |
63.5 |
61.6-66.3 |
|
Northwestern |
141 |
1 |
9.0 |
7.4-11.2 |
4.4 |
3.8-5.0 |
64.5 |
61.4-67.1 |
|
Northcentarl - Northeastern |
89 |
1 |
8.3 |
7.2-9.5 |
4.0 |
3.6-4.6 |
64.6 |
62.3-67.0 |
Compositional data are expressed at 15.0% moisture
basis.
Table 3.
Grain Quality of Soybean Cultivars in
|
Entry Type |
|
--- Protein % --- |
--- Oil % --- |
--- Seeds/Lb. --- | |||
|
|
No. of entries |
mean |
range |
mean |
range |
mean |
range |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Roundup Ready |
168 |
41.8 |
40.1-43.8 |
21.2 |
19.6-23.1 |
2923 |
|
|
|
24 |
41.8 |
39.1-43.3 |
21.2 |
20.5-23.1 |
2664 |
|
Compositional data are expressed at 13.0 % moisture basis.
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: Texas A&M University
Soil & Crop Sciences Department
By: Rooney,
L.W.*
Betran, J.
Waniska, R.D.
Jones, E.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 1a
Project
Objectives: Evaluate physical, chemical and
processing properties of sorghum and develop improved food quality sorghums.
Determine differences in alkaline
cooking properties of corn and sorghum that relate to kernel characteristics and
physical properties.
Determine
alkaline cooking properties of corn hybrids and improved value added types.
Improve the aflatoxin and processing quality of corn through breeding. Evaluate
factors affecting staling of corn tortillas and how to control it.
Determine milling and baking quality
of wheat breeding lines. Define the attributes of wheat flours with excellent
quality for flour tortillas.
Results for 2002: New white and red tan plant hybrids with
promising properties were identified in sorghum hybrid trials grown across the
sorghum belt. Several new earlier maturity food hybrids are nearing commercial
reality.
Whole sorghum snacks
were produced by low cost friction extrusion. They have excellent properties and
can be flavored with mild to strong seasonings. The hybrids used are derived
from ATx631XRTx436 released from TAES several years ago. Market development in
NIR and single kernel hardness
methods were used to evaluate sorghum quality. Calibration equations for starch,
protein and moisture from more than 155 whole kernel sorghum samples were
developed for a diode array NIR. The single kernel hardness test was
significantly correlated to decortication yields of sorghum.
Milling evaluation of food type
sorghums includes adjustment of the milled product yields to a constant
acceptable color measured with the L value. This is the most efficient method of
selecting for milling properties where color is important. Some bright white
sorghums produce acceptable color products at 90% or higher yields.
A blend containing high antioxidant
sorghum bran, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from barley and omega-3 fatty
acids from flax seed produced bread with a natural brown crumb color and
excellent taste and texture. The sorghum bran has ORAC values equal to or higher
than fruits and berries.
Methods
to quantify flavonoids and catechins and their antioxidant potentials are being
utilized to determine which milling fractions and cultivars should be used as
nutraceutical ingredients.
Higher
levels and increased retention of antifungal proteins (chitinase and sormatin)
in caryopses of sorghum at physiological maturity and combine harvest maturity
improve grain mold resistance. Sorghums inoculated with fungal pathogens had
decreased seed germination even though changes in grain appearance due to
molding were similar and minor. The antifungal protein levels vary depending
upon genotype, inoculation, and grain mold resistance.
Wheat samples (nearly 2,000) were
evaluated for milling and baking quality in collaboration with the wheat
improvement program where approximately one new variety has been released
annually for the last 30 years.
Quality protein maize inbreeds released by the corn
improvement program have good food processing properties and higher lysine and
tryptophan content. Progress has been made to develop corn lines with improved
resistance to aflatoxin.
Some
combination of protein quality and content characterizes the properties of wheat
flours that produce excellent tortillas. Flours with good bread baking
properties usually do not produce good tortillas. The hot press operation is
critically important for tortilla quality evaluation so test methods should
involve sufficient pressure and heat to mimic the commercial situation.
Elite breeding lines and commercial
wheat varieties were evaluated for tortilla properties using a large pilot scale
press procedure.
The retention of
tortilla flexibility during storage (freshness) was improved by addition of
wheat protein isolates to the formula; however, these treatments caused
undesirable smaller diameter tortillas. However, utilization of selected protein
isolates significantly improved the performance of flours that produce tortillas
with short shelf stabilities and large diameters. The combination of protein
isolate gives these weaker flours the ability to produce tortillas with optimum
attributes.
Staling of corn
tortillas is reduced by use of specific amylase enzymes in combination with CMC
and barley flour and concentrates. Low levels of barley flour give significant
improvement in texture of table tortillas. A concentrate of barley flour
containing 70% b-glucans gave positive improvement in tortilla texture and did
not affect the color or flavor of the tortillas.
Leavening systems for flour tortillas are critically
important. Optimum combinations of sodium aluminum phosphate and sodium aluminum
sulfate produce tortillas with significantly improved properties.
Plans for
2003: Evaluate factors affecting processing quality
of corn and sorghum. Compare extrusion properties of sorghum with corn and rice.
Develop calibration equations for use of NIR on whole grains of sorghum, maize
and their products, e.g., masa, chips, tortillas. Determine factors affecting
the staling of flour and corn tortillas. Determine quality of wheat samples
emphasizing early generation progeny. Evaluate wheat flours and other
ingredients for tortilla quality.
Publications:
Bandyopadhyay, R., D.R. Butler, C.R., Little, and R.D.
Waniska. 2002. Sorghum grain mold: through the 1990s into the new millennium.
Sorghum and Millet Diseases 2000, Leslie, J.F. (ed.),
Dombrink-Kurtzman, M.A. and L.W.
Rooney. 2002. Effect of nixtamalization on fumonisin contaminated corn for
production of tortillas. Chapter 15 in Bioactive Compounds in Foods: Effects of
Food Processing, Tung-Ching Lee and Chi-Tang Ho, (eds.) American Chemical
Society Symposium Series 816:206-217.
Ribaut, J.M., M. Bänziger, K. Dreher, G.O. Edmeades, H.J.
Hoisington and C. Jiang. 2002. Use of molecular markers in plant breeding:
drought tolerance improvement in tropical maize in “Quantitative Genetics,
Genomics, and Plant Breeding”, Manjit S. Kang (ed.), chapter 7, CABI Publishing,
Wallingford, UK. (In press.)
Rodriguez-Ballesteros, O.R., R.A. Frederiksen, A. Mansuetus,
G.N. Odvody, R.D. Waniska, and D.T. Rosenow. 2002. Free and bound phenolic acids
in mature sorghum caryopses as affected by inoculation with Fuisarium thapsinum,
chapter in Sorghum and Millet Diseases 2000, Leslie, J.F. (ed.), Iowa State
University Press. (In press.)
Waniska, R.D. and L.W. Rooney. 2002. Sorghum grain quality
for increased utilization. Sorghum and Millet Diseases 2000, Leslie, J.F. (ed.),
Waniska, R.D., F.P. Bejosano, A.
Chandrashekar, J. Jayaraman, J. Jeoung, S, Krishnaveni, G.H. Liang, S.
Muthukrishnan, S. and R.T. Venkatesha. 2002. Antifungal proteins and other
mechanisms in the control of sorghum stalk rot and grain mold. Sorghum and
Millet Diseases 2000, Leslie, J.F. (ed.)
Awika, J.M., L.W. Rooney and E.L. Suhendro. 2002. Milling
value of sorghums compared by adjusting yields to a constant product color.
Cereal Chem.79 :(2):249-251.
Betrán, F.J. and T. Isakeit. 2002. Aflatoxin contamination
of early, intermediate, and late maturing maize hybrids. Mycopathologia
155:86.
Betrán, F.J., T. Isakeit,
K. Mayfield and G. Odvody. 2002. Maize germplasm evaluation for aflatoxin
resistance in
Betran, .J., T. Isakeit and G.
Odvody. 2002. Aflatoxin accumulation of white and yellow inbreeds in diallel
crosses. Crop Science 42: 1894-1901.
Bhatnagar, S., F.J. Betrán and D. Transue. 2002. Aflatoxin
resistance of subtropical/tropical quality protein maize hybrids in
Cheewapramong, P., E.W. Lusas, M.N.
Riaz and L.W. Rooney. 2002. Use of partially defatted peanut flour in breakfast
cereal flakes. Cereal Chem. 79(4):586-592.
Kelekci, N., S. Pascut and R.D. Waniska. 2002. The effects
of storage temperatures on the staling of wheat flour tortillas. J. Cereal Sci.
(In press.)
Seetharaman, K., N.
Chinnapha, R.D. Waniska and P. White. 2002. Changes in textural, pasting and
thermal properties of wheat buns and tortillas during storage. J. Cereal Sci.
35:215-223.
Waniska, R.D., J.L.
Adams and R.A. Graybosch. 2002. Effect of partial waxy wheat on processing and
quality of wheat flour tortillas. Cereal Chemistry 79(2):210-214.
Betrán, F.J., S. Bhatnagar, R.
Ganunga, T. Isakeit, D. Makumbi, K. Mayfield, K., D. Pietsch and D. Transue.
2002. Response of white food corn to aflatoxin accumulation. In Proc. of the
Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Workshop 2002.
Pascut, S. December 2002. Effects of added wheat proteins on
processing and quality of flour tortillas. MS Thesis.
Acosta, D., M. Barron, M. Riaz, L.
Rooney and R. Waniska. 2002. Comparative analysis of rice and sorghum extrusion
properties. 87th Annual Meeting, October 13 17,
Arora, S., S. Pascut and R. Waniska.
2002. Use of tortilla baking test to evaluate wheat cultivars. AACC 87th Annual
Meeting, October 13-17,
Awika, J.M., D. Gualberto, and L.W.
Rooney. 2002. Properties of white food sorghums grown in different environments.
AACC 87th Annual Meeting, October 13 17,
Bueso, F., R. Moreira, L.W. Rooney,
L. Silva and R.D. Waniska. 2002. Anti staling properties of a maltogenic amylase
on corn tortillas. AACC 87th Annual Meeting, October 13 17,
Bueso, F., R. Moreira, L.W. Rooney
and R.D. Waniska. 2002. Anti-staling properties of a maltogenic amylase on corn
tortillas. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, June 15-19,
Garza-Casso, J.B., N. Maranphal,
L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 2002. Phosphate salt affects wheat flour tortilla
properties. June 15-19,
http://ift.confex.com/ift/2002/techprogram/
paper_14049.htm.
Garza-Casso,
J.B., L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 2002. Fumaric acid induced changes in pH of
flour tortillas. 2002 Agricultural Program Conference Graduate Poster Contest.
Leal Diaz, A., J. Betran, L. Rooney and R. Waniska. 2002.
Alkaline cooking properties of quality protein maize. AACC 87th Annual Meeting,
October 13 17,
http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2002/abstracts/a02ma383.asp
McDonough, C.M., J. Awika, L. Dykes,
L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 2002. False positives for tannin sorghum in non
tannin sorghum using the bleach test. AACC 87th Annual Meeting, October 13 17,
http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2002/abstracts/a02ma286.asp.
Maranphal, N., M. Barron, M.N. Riaz,
L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 2002. Utilization of Partially Defatted Peanuts in
Corn and Flour Tortillas. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, June 15-19,
http://ift.confex.com/ift/2002/techprogram/
paper_13893.htm.
Maranphal, N.,
M. Barron, L. Rooney, L., R.D. Waniska and M.N. Riaz. 2002. Extrusion properties
of sorghum for direct expanded snacks. AACC 87th Annual Meeting, October 13 17,
http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2002/abstracts/a02ma347.asp
Silva, L., Rooney, L.W., and
Waniska, R.D. 2002. Comparison of two starch stabilization methods in corn
tortillas. AACC 87th Annual Meeting, October 13 17,
http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2002/abstracts/a02ma379.asp.
Issues: Sorghum quality for food is
alleged to be inferior and sorghum is used only as livestock feed in the
Fresh corn tortillas have excellent
taste and texture but many consumers have never tasted a fresh wheat tortilla.
Methods to maintain texture and taste during storage are needed.
Need to determine the
characteristics of flour for tortillas.
What Was Done: New sorghum hybrids with significantly
improved food characteristics were developed by incorporation of genetic
material from the world collection. We devised methods to evaluate sorghum
milling and food properties that were used to select food types of sorghum.
New methods to measure texture and
other changes during staling of tortillas were devised. These methods were
applied to determine ingredients affecting staling of corn and flour
tortillas.
A method to evaluate
wheat flour quality for tortillas was standardized.
Impacts: The new sorghums have high yields, and with
slightly higher grain prices, producers grow the food sorghums. Value added
sorghum products for ethnic and dietary markets are being sold with excellent
results. Applications in bakery products, brewing, etc. are feasible with the
new grain types. Additional new earlier maturing hybrids are in the pipeline.
Information and grain samples were supplied to potential Japanese food
processors by US Grains Council. Increased markets for food sorghum are
possible.
Usefulness of Findings:
• Snacks from
• Food sorghums have excellent
extrusion properties and produce bland, light-colored extrudates equivalent to
rice. Whole sorghum can be extruded to produce excellent products for special
dietary and ethnic needs.
• The
understanding of what happens during staling will lead to improved flavor and
texture of tortillas which could significantly increase their consumption since
they are low in fat and contain significant levels of calcium and fiber.
• Wheat flour quality attributes for
tortillas is significantly different from good quality bread flour.
Return to Table of Contents
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: USDA, Agricultural
Research Service
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research
Peoria, Illinois
By:
Wicklow, D.T.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 1a
Project
Objectives: Improve corn resistance to
Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin.
Results for
2002: Several corn
varieties showing substantial resistance to A. flavus infection or aflatoxin
were developed by a University scientist but it was not known if this resistance
might be attributed, in part, to the reduction or elimination of seed coat
tearing as a factor in corn kernel susceptibility to fungal infection. A
University scientist in Champaign, IL, in collaboration with an ARS scientist in
Peoria, IL, inoculated corn ears in the milk stage with Aspergillus flavus and
then determined the aflatoxin levels for the bright greenish yellow fluorescent
(BGYF) infected kernels in the harvested grain. Aflatoxin resistance was
attributed to (1) inbred parents that resist seed coat tearing and (2) internal
sources of kernel resistance, as demonstrated by infected BGYF kernels showing
consistently lower levels of aflatoxin. This information provides for a more
accurate interpretation of resistance mechanisms among successful varieties and
invites corn breeders to combine these different sources of resistance in
producing commercial varieties.
The aflatoxin and fumonisin in grain at harvest is found
concentrated at high levels in relatively few corn kernels and our research
seeks to accurately identify and remove these toxin-contaminated kernels from
contaminated grain lots. An ARS Scientist in
Plans for
2003: Identify and quantify mold
populations and determine aflatoxin and fumonisin levels of grain samples
segregated (accepted versus rejected ) using high volume commercial optical
sorters. These combine-harvested grain samples come from fields in central
Classify grains from
wound-inoculated ears of corn varieties with demonstrated resistance or
class
susceptibility to A flavus
kernel rot and/or aflatoxin in 2002 variety trials performed by a corn
seed producing company. We seek to determine if the near infrared spectra used
in detecting aflatoxin contaminated grains of Pioneer 3394 will prove equally
effective in evaluating grains over a diverse genetic background. This
collaborative research involves corn pathologists at a seed producing company
and T. Pearson, GMPRC, ARS,
Describe the antifungal compounds produced by corn
endophytes when cultured on autoclaved corn kernels and attempt to detect these
metabolites in corn at harvest, in collaboration with J.B. Gloer,
Publications:
Dowell, F.E., T.C.
Pearson, E.B. Maghirang, F. Xie, and D.T. Wicklow. 2001. Reflectance and
transmittance spectroscopy applied to detecting fumonisin in single corn kernels
infected with Fusarium verticillioides. Cereal Chemistry 79: 222-226.
Pearson, T.C., D.T. Wicklow,
E.B. Maghirang, F. Xie, and F.E. Dowell. 2001. Detecting aflatoxin in single
corn kernels by using transmittance and reflectance spectroscopy. Transactions
of the ASAE 44: 1247-1254.
Issues: In the Midwestern corn
belt, the bulk of the
What Was Done: Corn varieties with demonstrated aflatoxin
resistance or susceptibility were examined for numbers of bright greenish yellow
fluorescent (BGYF) kernels and the aflatoxin content of those kernels. This
approach allows corn pathologists to distinguish sources of resistance linked to
seed coat integrity or the seed proper (germ and endosperm) and invites corn
breeders to combine these different sources of resistance in producing
commercial varieties.
Impacts: The ability to accurately classify individual
aflatoxin or fumonisin contaminated kernels, including those with symptomless
infections presents opportunities for detection of these grains in a variety of
applications including the rapid evaluation of grain samples from corn variety
trials for mycotoxin resistance.
Return to Table of
Contents
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: Purdue University
Agricultural & Biological Engineering
Kansas State University
Grain Science & Industry
By:
Maier, D.E.
Herrman, T.
Berruto, R.
McGill, J.M.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 2
Project
Objectives: The main goal of this project is
to use the system simulation approach to improve the efficiency and economics of
the receiving operation at commercial grain elevators.
Title: System modeling of grain
handling operations.
Results for
2002: The Illinois Grain and
Feed Association Annual 2000-2001 Directory was used as the source from which a
representative sample of commercial grain elevators was drawn based on
warehouse-licensed storage capacity. Six elevators had less than 500,000 bu
storage capacity, six elevators had between 500,000 bu and 1 million bu
capacity, 15 had between 1-2 million bu capacity, and six had more than 2
million bu capacity. In order to determine the potential for grain segregation,
the capacity of conveying equipment in the receiving system was examined at each
elevator. The majority of elevators (78%) had at least two receiving pits, which
greatly enhances the potential for successful grain segregation. Bucket elevator
capacities ranged from less than 5,000 bu/h up to 20,000 bu/h. Thus,
Plans for 2002: Develop
additional facility-specific models and use them in order to study unloading
strategies for commodity grains at commercial grain handling facilities.
Perform simulation runs to
evaluate the impact of IP and GM grains and oilseeds on unloading operations,
and simulate logistics changes to improve system performance.
Issues: Increased
globalization of agricultural markets and the introduction of transgenic (GM)
crops through biotechnology have created a need for further investigation of the
U.S. grain handling infrastructure to segregate cereals and oilseeds in order to
remain the world’s least cost provider of safe and wholesome foods and feeds.
This research addresses the study of grain unloading operations at country
elevators using system simulation methodology. The differentiation of crops
(Transgenic crops, Identity Preserved crops, etc.) increases the burden of
elevators, which need to handle the same or greater amounts of grain, but with
an increased number of crop types to be segregated. This fact poses a
significant challenge for operators in terms of unloading, drying, and storage
of different grains in facilities that were built to handle few commodities
(corn, wheat and soybeans).
What Was Done: The goal of this project is a system
simulation study of country elevators to improve the efficiency and the
economics of grain handling. The study, rather than addressing the economic
value of the operation with respect to IP or non-GM grains, will analyze
different simulated scenarios (product arrival, logistic of the system,
management strategies, external drivers of change like market forces and
regulations) in order to provide strategies to better manage the grain receiving
operation.
Impacts:
Creation of an object oriented grain handling system software package will
enable elevator operators to test the flexibility of their current facility or
create their ideal grain handling facility with all its equipment in a simple
click and drag type format. A system simulation and economic analysis tool would
allow them to define the operating conditions at their elevator (e.g. truck size
distribution, type of grain, delivery rate), estimate average delay time and
queue length, and quantify the least cost segregation strategy. Additionally,
this approach holds the future potential for a grain company (or merging
companies) to link multiple individual elevator facility models together and
evaluate the optimization of combined system network resources.
Funding
Sources:
Anderson Team Research Grant Program
2000-2002
Contacts:
Dirk Maier, Department
of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, Phone:
765-494-1175; Fax: 765-496-1356; e-mail: maier@purdue.edu
Tim Herrman, Department of
Grain Science & Industry, Kansas State University, Phone: 785-532-4082; Fax:
785-532-4017; e-mail: tjh@wheat.ksu.edu
URL:
http://www.GrainQuality.org
Return to Table of Contents
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: Kansas State University
Department of Grain Science and Industry
By:
Herrman, T.J.
Loughin, T.
Knapp, M.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 1b, 2a
Title:
Pre-harvest Prediction of Kansas Wheat Protein Content
Project
Objectives: Explore the feasibility for predicting
wheat protein content prior to harvest.
Results for
2002: Advance knowledge of the
protein content of the
Plans
for 2003:
Seek commercial support for this program.
Repeat the prediction for 2003
Publications:
Herrman, T.J., T.M.
Loughin, M. Knapp, and R. Kaldate. 2002. Pre-harvest prediction of
Issues: State
level pre-harvest protein predictions and, to a lesser extent, district level
pre-harvest protein predictions, display sufficient accuracy to help grain
industry personnel manage year to year protein variability in the Kansas wheat
crop.
Impacts: The value of protein is
determined, in part, by the supply of protein. The prediction of the protein
potential in the
Funding Sources:
The Grain
Industry Alliance
Contacts:
Tim Herrman, Department
of Grain Science and Industry, phone: (785) 532-4082, tjh@wheat.ksu.edu
Return to Table of Contents
NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: Kansas State University
By:
Herrman, Tim
Shroyer, Jim
Lee, Kyung Min
Lingenfelser, Jane
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 2a
Title:
Improve hard white (HDWH) wheat yield and quality through identifying the blend
of two varieties (Trego and Betty) that optimizes agronomic and processing
performances.
Results For 2002: We analyzed samples
from three of the four locations where we planted a Betty:Trego blend. The three
locations included Tribune, Colby, and Hays. We measured single kernel
properties, protein content, milling performance, and loaf volume of baked
bread. The loaf volume results are presented as a percentage of Trego using the
following formula:
Mix of
Betty:Trego – Trego x 100
Trego
Figure 1. The difference in
loaf volume between Betty and Trego blends across all three locations, expressed
as a percent of Trego.
We observed a significant interaction (P=0.002) between
location and mixture treatments for grain yield. Figure 2 presents the yield
difference in bushels between Trego and Betty using the formula:
Mix of Betty:Trego – Trego
The results for 2001 indicate
that grain yield was higher with Betty:Trego blend compared to 100% Trego at
Hays and Tribune. The grain yield response appears to coincide with the presence
of stripe rust, although disease readings were not performed and no statistical
analysis was conducted to confirm this relationship in the mixture test
plots.
For the grain
protein response, a location by Trego:Betty blend did not appear significant, so
results are expressed across the three locations. The blending of Trego:Betty
was significant (P<.0001).
Figure 2. The difference in grain yield (bu) between
Betty:Trego blends and Trego for Colby, Hays, and Tribune.
Figure 3. The difference between
percent protein between Betty:Trego blend and Trego.
Results for 2001 indicate that blending wheat
cultivars of similar properties and different yield potential and end-use
properties can display an additive effect and enhance value for
2002 Yield and Protein
Results
The grain yield and
percent protein responses to Betty:Trego blends are presented in Figures 4 and
5. A significant (P<.0001) grain yield response to Betty:Trego blend and a
significant (P=.004) protein response to the location by blend interaction were
observed.
Figure 4. The
difference in grain yield between Betty:Trego blends and Trego.
Figure 5. The difference in percent
protein between Betty:Trego blends and Trego for Colby, Hays, Tribune, and
Garden City.
Summary: Blending hard white
wheat to maximize grain yield and protein content appeared to be a sound
strategy in 2001, while planting 100% Trego appeared to be significantly more
profitable based on 2002 grain yield and protein results. We are repeating the
experiment a third year, due to the very different growing seasons and results
observed during 2001 and 2002.
Impacts: HDWH wheat
commercialization offers
Issues: Wheat acres in
Barriers to the successful
commercializing of HDWH wheat were identified during focus group sessions
conducted in western
Thus, the purpose of this
study involves identifying seed blends of Trego and Betty HDWH wheat cultivars
that optimize yield and quality in an attempt to maximize profitability for
Funding
Sources:
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NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
From: USDA, Agricultural
Research Service
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research
Peoria, Illinois
By:
Wicklow, D.T.
McAlpin, C.E.
NC-213 Objective:
A
Procedure: 2a
Project
Objectives: Investigate the microbial ecology and
epidemiology of Aspergillus flavus in Midwestern crop field soils and the
biocontrol potential of sclerotial mycoparasites.
Results
for 2002: Evidence is
presented which demonstrates a relationship between strength of the vegetative
compatibility reaction and aflatoxin production in wild-type isolates of A.
flavus and A. parasiticus using the suspended disc culture method (R.A. Norton,
1995). Combining aflatoxin-producing isolates belonging to different vegetative
compatibility groups (VCGs) resulted in a substantial reduction in aflatoxin
yield. Pairs of aflatoxin-producing isolates within the same VCG, but showing
weak compatibility reactions using complementary nitrate-nonutilizing mutants,
also were associated with reduced levels of aflatoxin B1. In contrast, pairings
of isolates displaying a strong compatibility reaction typically produced high
levels of aflatoxins. These results suggest that interactions between
vegetatively compatible wild-type isolates of A. flavus or A. parasiticus are
cooperative and result in more aflatoxin B1 than pairings between isolates that
are incompatible.
Aspergillus bombycis is a recently described aflatoxin
producing species known only from domesticated silkworm culture in
There is an urgent
need for new sources of antifungal agents and fungi that parasitize and kill
other fungi offer a potential source of novel antifungal agents useful to
agriculture and medicine. Using the two most important mycotoxin producers A.
flavus and F. verticillioides as targets, a University scientist in
Plans for
2003: Examine the potential role of intraspecific
competition in naturally suppressing aflatoxin outbreaks in the central U.S.
Corn Belt. Evaluate the abilities of non-aflatoxin producing biocontrol strains
of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae to interfere with aflatoxin
production in preharvest corn kernels. Isolate and identify mycoparasitic fungi,
produce fermentation extracts, and perform bioassays using Aspergillus flavus
and Fusarium verticillioides to guide the isolation of novel antifungal
metabolites.
Publications:
Che, Y., J.B.
Gloer, and D.T. Wicklow. 2002. Phomadecalins A-D and phomapentenone A: New
metabolites from Phoma sp. NRRL 25697, a fungal colonist of Hypoxylon stromata.
Journal of Natural Products 65: 399-402.
Holler, U., J.B. Gloer, and D.T. Wicklow. 2002. Biologically
active polyketide metabolites from an undetermined fungicolous hypomycete
resembling Cladosporium. Journal of Natural Products. 65: 876-882.
Li, C., J.B. Gloer, D.T.
Wicklow and P.F. Dowd. 2002. Thiersinines A and B: Novel antiinsectan indole
diterpenoids from a new fungicolous Penicillium species (NRRL 28147). Organic
Letters 4: 3095-3098.
McAlpin, C.E., D.T. Wicklow and B.W. Horn. 2001. DNA
fingerprinting analysis of vegetative compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus
from a peanut field in
Wicklow, D.T.,
C.E. McAlpin and S.W. Peterson. 2002. Common genotypes (RFLP) within a diverse
collection of yellow-green aspergilli used to produce traditional Oriental
fermented foods. Mycoscience 43: 289-297.
Issues:
In the Midwestern Corn Belt, the bulk of the
class
through mechanisms of intraspecific competition. There is a
need to explain the underlying mechanism(s)of competition and this study
describes a novel procedure for evaluating Aspergillus interference with
aflatoxin production.
What
Was Done: Aflatoxin producing isolates of Aspergillus flavus showing different
abilities to fuse with one another were paired in laboratory culture and
examined for total fungal growth (mycelium dry weight) aflatoxin content. The
results suggest that interactions between vegetatively compatible wild-type
isolates of A. flavus or A. parasiticus are cooperative and result in more
aflatoxin B1 than pairings between isolates that are incompatible.
Impacts: Intraspecific
competition is the basis for biological control of aflatoxins and there is a
common interest in understanding the mechanism(s) by which competing strains of
Aspergillus species inhibit aflatoxin production. This information will
stimulate new research on how incompatibility reactions function in suppressing
aflatoxin production.
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