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                                                                                  NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:     USDA, ARS
              Grain Marketing and Production Research Center
              Manhattan, Kansas
 
By:         Casada M.E., Engineering Research Unit
              Arthur, F.H., Biological Research Unit
 
NC-213 Objective:     B                                                                                                                           Procedure:       1a
 
Project Objectives:     Develop and evaluate automatic grain aeration control strategies for maintaining grain quality and controlling insects during storage.
 
Results For 2002:        In a third year of field tests of aeration of wheat in Kansas, the summer aeration cycle (the first of three cycles) again reduced temperatures compared a bin not aerated in the summer. Like the second year, but unlike the first year, high nighttime humidity slowed the cooling process. The extended fan run hours improved the removal of heat gained from solar radiation on the top and south wall as compared to the first year that had less fan run time due to lower nighttime humidities.
 
Figure 1 shows the temperatures near the center of the bins through the summer and fall. Although the summer aerated bin was loaded with warmer grain, it soon cooled to temperatures below the other bin and averaged 7.4°F cooler for the rest of the summer. However, because of the evaporative heating with the night aeration air, the center of the summer aerated bin was not as cool as desirable for insect suppression.
 
Plans For 2003:         Collect, analyze, and report data on performances of additional refined grain aeration strategies and temperature monitoring systems. Compare results for up flow versus down flow systems as well as for different aeration cycle lengths for summer aeration
 
Publications:
Billate, R.D., R.G. Maghirang, and M.E. Casada. 2002. Measurement of air entrainment and dust emission during shelled corn receiving operations with simulated hopper bottom grain trailers. ASAE Paper No. 02-6112. Presented at the 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting/CIGR XVth World Congress. Chicago, Ill. July 28-July 31.
 
Casada, M.E. 2002.  Moisture adsorption characteristics of wheat and barley. Transactions of the ASAE. 45(2):361-368.
 
Casada, M.E., F.H. Arthur, and H. Akdogan. 2002. Temperature monitoring and aeration strategies for stored wheat in the central plains. ASAE Paper No. 02-6116. Presented at the 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting/CIGR XVth World Congress. Chicago, Ill. July 28-July 31.
 
Ingles, M.E., M.E. Casada, and R.G. Maghirang. 2002. Influence of grain handling equipment on commingling and residual grain. ASAE Paper No. 02-6111. Presented at the 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting/CIGR XVth World Congress. Chicago, Ill. July 28-July 31.
 
Issues:     Optimizing the design and management of grain storage systems requires proper analytical tools such as validated computer models of the stored grain environment. Several modeling and temperature accumulation studies indicate that an additional summer cooling cycle for stored wheat, in addition to cooling in early and late autumn, can limit population development of insect pests.
 
What Was Done:     A third year of field validation tests were conducted comparing two temperature management strategies: 1) controlled aeration at (15°C) 60°F in early autumn and 7°C (45°F) in late autumn, the standard 2-cycle cooling regimes currently used for stored wheat, and 2) controlled aeration at 24°C (75°F) after binning in addition to the autumn cooling cycles.
 


Impacts:     The potential to reduce energy consumed for grain cooling is estimated at 25-50 percent. The greatest impact is the assurance of timely grain cooling and prevention of grain quality losses from deterioration and insect infestations. Results from this project may lead to the development of new insect pest management and temperature management strategies for stored wheat.

 
Figure 1. Temperatures at the center of summer and autumn aerated bins.




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                                                                                  NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:    University of Nebraska-Lincoln
             Department of Food Science & Technology
 
By:         Bullerman, L. B.
 
NC-213 Objective:     B                                                                                                                          Procedure:     1b
 
Project Objectives:      To screen food grade lactic acid bacteria for antifungal activity and to determine the effects of Lactobacillus rhamosus and Bacillus pumilus on mold growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium species.
 
Results for 2002:         Several strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sourdough bread cultures were found to significantly inhibit the growth of a number of common spoilage and mycotoxigenic molds. Five of the bacterial isolates gave complete inhibition of Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum, P. verrucosum, P. commune, Fusarium proliferatum and Cladosporium cladosporoides. Two of the five strains also completely inhibited the growth of A. flavus and P. italicum.
 
In another study L. rhamnous and B. pumilus were found to inhibit growth of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. graminearum and the production of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). Bacillus pumilus had the stronger antimycotoxigenic activity, inhibiting mycotoxin production from 52.7 to 100% whereas L. rhamnosus inhibited mycotoxin production by 21.1 to 100%. Bacillus pumilus inhibited FB1 by 85 to 99.8%, FB2 by 53 to 97.7%, DON by 89 to 98.7% and ZEN by 66 to 100%.
 
Plans for 2003:     A more extensive survey of lactic acid bacteria from natural sources such as sourdough bread cultures, dairy starter cultures, silage inoculants, fermented foods, other natural sources and pure cultures will be conducted to search for isolates with antifungal activity. The most inhibitory isolates will be studied for their ability to inhibit growth of spoilage and mycotoxigenic molds common to cereal grains. Those isolates which have antifungal activity will also be studied for effects on mycotoxin production.
 
Publications:
Stiles, J., S. Penkar, M. Plockova, J. Chumchalova and L. B. Bullerman. 2002. Antifungal activity of sodium acetate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J. Food Prot. 65:1188-1191.
 
Stiles, J. and L. B. Bullerman. 2002. Inhibition of Fusarium species and mycotoxin production by Bacillus pumilus NE B1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1. In H. W. Dehne, U. Gisi, K. H. Kuck, P. E. Russell and H. Lyr (Eds.). Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds III. pp. 291-295. AgroConcept GmbH, Bonn, Germany.
 
Issues:     Fungi cause spoilage and losses of cereal grains in the field and during storage, and pose food and feed safety concerns by potential production of mycotoxins. Interest in novel antifungal preservation methods and inhibition of mycotoxin production without using chemicals has increased in recent years, supported by research that antagonistic microorganism or their metabolites may have antifungal properties. Research is needed to screen food grade bacteria from various sources for antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity and to define the ability of active cultures to inhibit mold growth and mycotoxin production.
 
What Was Done:     Lactic acid bacteria from sourdough bread cultures were screened for antifungal activity and preliminarily five cultures were found to possess antifungal activity. In addition, B. pumilus and L. rhamnosus were studied for their ability to inhibit growth of Fusarium species and production of F B1, FB2, DON and ZEN. Bacillus pumilus exhibited stronger antifungal activity than L. rhamnousus, but there are unresolved safety concerns with B. pumilus that need to be addressed.
 
Impacts:     These preliminary results indicate that certain lactic acid bacteria may have sufficient antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity to offer promise for possible development of safe natural antimycotic biological agents to prevent fungal invasion and mycotoxin contamination of cereal grains in the field and in storage.
 
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                                                                                  NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:     Purdue University
              Agricultural and Biological Engineering
              Botany and Plant Pathology
              Entomology
 
By:         Maier, D.E.
              Ileleji, K.E.
              Bhat, C.
              Woloshuk, C.P.
               Mason, L.J.
 
NC-213 Objective:     B                                                                                                                                 Procedure:     1a, 2a
 
Project Objectives: The goal of this project is to evaluate, under field conditions, the use of carbon dioxide detectors to monitor for bio-activity in stored corn prior to the time that spoilage would be detected by traditional methods. Our hypothesis is that CO2 monitors can efficiently detect grain in the early stages of spoilage. The specific project objectives are: 1) To determine the parameters for monitoring changes in CO2 concentrations within a grain bin, 2) To determine the relationship between a fungal biomass growing in a grain bin and the early detection of CO2, 3) To determine the impact of fungal feeding insect infestations on detection of CO2 from spoiling grain, and 4) To determine scale-up parameters through modeling in order to implement the CO2 monitoring technology in commercial-sized storage structures.
 
Title:      Monitoring stored grain quality
 
Results for 2002: The first objective of this research project was completed in 2000, and has been previously reported on. The in-lab experiments of the second objective were completed in 2001, and were previously reported on. The pilot bin trials of the second objective were completed in 2002 and are the focus of this report. A developing hot spot primarily due to fungi growing on the deteriorating corn mass was simulated in a corn bulk of about 383 bushels stored in a 500-bushel capacity pilot bin. The hot spot was initiated by automatically dripping water into a confined part of the grain bulk at the center, which gradually increased the grain moisture content to optimum conditions that permitted fungi spores to thrive and colonize the affected corn mass creating a localized hot spot. Intermittent aeration pushed CO2 generated in the hot spot module to the headspace where the CO2 sensor was mounted. Multiple sensors were located in the grain mass and data was recorded continuously. Trials 1, 2 and 3 were conducted from September 9 to October 19, 2001, October 31 to December 10, 2001 and December 19 to March 18, 2002, respectively. The rising temperatures at the center of each grain mass in the hot spot module after about 400, 600 and 800 hours paralleled the rising CO2 concentrations recorded by the CO2 sensor. In trial 1, the temperature of the corn mass in the hot spot module increased from 20oC to 48oC after 400 hours, while the rest of the grain bulk cooled to about 12oC. The CO2 concentration increased from about 500 ppm to as high as 1500 ppm. Trials 2 and 3 followed similar trends. In none of the trials was there any indication of spoilage activity occurring in the grain mass based on bulk temperature recordings by fifteen sensors on five cables in the bin. The closest temperature cable sensor was only 0.61 m (2 ft) from the wall of the hot spot module. In a real scenario, an undetected hot spot could spread and cause great damage to the entire grain bulk if it were not detected early and appropriate measures were applied to prevent its progression. The feasibility of CO2 detection was further explored by intermittently monitoring the exhaust air of several 1-2 million bushel ground piles at three commercial elevators between January and April 2002. Three CO2 sensors were used to intermittently monitor stored grain conditions in 12 pilot bins between May and October 2002.
 
Plans for 2003:     The third objective of this research project will be completed in 2003. We have been working on the fourth objective, which involves adapting an existing CO2 movement model to predict the generation and diffusion of low CO2 levels due to biological activity (fungi, insects) in a grain mass. The model will be incorporated into our existing Post-Harvest Aeration and Storage Simulation Tool (PHAST), which is based on the finite element method (FEM). The PHAST-FEM software will be validated using data collected from the in-lab and pilot bin experiments of CO2 detection undertaken for objectives 2 and 3 of the project.
 
Publications:
Maier, D.E., K.E. Ileleji and C.P. Woloshuk. 2002. Detection of a Developing Hot Spot in Stored Corn. Paper No. 026075. St. Joseph. Mich: ASAE.
 
Issues:      In the United States close to 20 billion bushels of grain are stored every year. Insects and fungi create numerous quality problems in these stored grains that cause millions of dollars in losses. It is essential for the grain storage industry to have effective pest management programs to protect against economic loss due to contamination from insects, fungi and mycotoxins. A major contributor to the spoilage of grain is the growth of various fungal species, including several that produce mycotoxins. Although quality of harvested grains can never be improved with storage time, the rate of deterioration can be slowed with an integrated systems approach that combines engineering, biological and economic principles.
 
What Was Done:     Monitoring the condition of thousands of bushels of grain is a difficult task with only the technology of temperature sensors. Our research has presented evidence that CO2 monitoring technology can be effectively used in stored grain management.
 
Impacts:     The impact of this research will help solve grain storage problems by applying an available technology that can detect spoilage before it gets out-of-hand. If spoilage is detected early by an increase in CO2 concentration, the problem can be corrected by simple management practices such as applying aeration to cool and dry the grain mass.
 
Funding Sources:
Anderson Research Grant Program 1999-2001; 2002-2003
 
Contacts:
Dirk Maier, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University; Phone: 765-494-1175; Fax: 765-496-1356; e-mail: maier@purdue.edu - URL: http://www.GrainQuality.org
 
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                                                                                  NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:    USDA, ARS
             Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology
             Gainesville, FL
 
By:         Shuman, D.
 
NC-213 Objective:     B                                                                                                                           Procedure:   2
 
Project Objectives:       To develop and evaluate automated systems for monitoring infestations in stored-products.
 
Title:        Detection and population estimation of stored product insects.
 
Results for 2002:     Development has continued on the refinement of the Electronic Grain Probe Insect Counter (EGPIC - U.S. Patent No.5,646,404 issued 7/97) that electronically counts the number of insects that fall through it as a means of monitoring infestations in stored-products. An EGPIC integrated sensor head and body design suitable for commercial manufacture was explored. The iterative process of testing, evaluation, and modification of the commercial EGPIC hardware and software components to be produced by OPI Systems was performed. The EGPIC sensor head was redesigned to enhance the performance of its species identification capabilities for use in the first commercial release of the EGPIC system. Using two orthogonal intersecting infrared beams and a programmed microcontroller with two analog inputs to analyze incoming sensor signals, this novel invention was described in a CIP to the previous patent application that described the basic method of species identification. Sensor data were collected for falling stored-product insects of various species, comparing the new dual beam sensor head with the previous single beam sensor head.
 
In order to help transfer this technology and aid in its commercialization, several outreach efforts were made. The EGPIC Working Group was established to expand EGPICs use in research, to field validate its potential as a stored-product pest management tool with a variety of commodities over a range of geographic locations, and to increase its exposure to the agricultural industry. A field study was proposed for the first commercially available EGPIC systems to estimate insect populations and to validate the use of EGPIC with the Stored Grain Advisor expert system for farm-stored wheat and the risk analysis for elevators.
 
Exploratory research continued on the development of a proprietary electronic trap for monitoring stored-product moths.
 
A CIP to the invention "Sensor Output Analog Processing-A Microcontroller-Based Insect Monitoring System," (Serial No. 09/846,277) was filed at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on 5/1/02. Insect drop tests demonstrated that the new invention provides a significant improvement in differentiating between species based on body size. A new grain probe body and sensor head was designed and fabricated using an injection molding technique and initial units were produced.
The EGPIC field study was funded to cover data collection expenses at three diverse grain storage sites and the services of a statistician to analyze the data and develop algorithms for using EGPIC data to predict insect population densities with species identification confidence levels.
 
The CRADA established with OPI Systems was expanded to include Montana State University to permit cooperative development of the proprietary electronic monitoring technology for stored product moths.
 
Publications:
Epsky, N.D. and D. Shuman. 2002. Hole density and capture of stored product insects pests in grain probe traps. Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 1326-1332.
 
Shuman, D., D.K. Weaver and A. Dagan. 2002. An Automated Counting Insect Electrocutor. U.S. Patent No. US 6,493,363 B1, issued Dec. 10, 2002
 
Shuman, D. and N.D. Epsky. 2001 (first appeared in 2002). Commercialization of the Electronic Grain Probe Insect Counter. In: Proc. Int. Conf. On Controlled Atmospheres and Fumigation in Stored Products, (edited by Donahaye, E.J., Navarro, S. and Leesch J.G.), Oct. 29 - Nov. 3, 2000, Executive Printing Services, Clovis, CA, 665-677.
 
Shuman, D. and N.D. Epsky. 2001 (first appeared in 2002). Commercialization of the Electronic Grain Probe Insect Counter, abstract published in Phytoparasitica, Vol. 29 Supplement: 71S.
 
Shuman, D., D.K. Weaver and R.T. Arbogast. 2001 (first appeared in 2002). A computer-based insect monitoring system for stored-grain using infrared sensors. Acta Horticulturae 562: 243-255.
 
Toews, M.D., T.W. Phillips and D. Shuman. Electronic and manual monitoring of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) in stored wheat. (In press.)
 
Contacts:
Dennis Shuman, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS, USDA; Phone: 352-374-5737; e-mail: dshuman@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu
 
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                                                                                  NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:     USDA, ARS
              Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology
              Gainesville, Florida
 
NC-213 Objective:     B                                                                                                                     Procedure:     2
 
By:          Silhacek, D.L.
               Murphy, C.
 
Project Objectives:     To identify key nutritional elements, essential for growth and development of the Indianmeal moth, which can be exploited for managing moth infestations in appropriately designed cereal products.
 
Title:        Pesticide alternatives for protection of stored cereal products.
 
Results for 2002:     The Indianmeal moth was reared under standardized conditions on an artificial diet, a wheat bran diet developed in this study and adopted for our standard rearing program. The wheat germ diet is being used to identify the nutrients required by this moth for optimal growth. Conventional methodology is being used to isolate the nutrients of interest. The performances of the nutrients were bioassayed by comparison of larval growth curves on test diets with those on a standardized rearing diet.
 
We have developed three artificial diets for the Indianmeal moth, all of which contain only cereal products, whose nutrients have been identified and quantified. Each diet has unique characteristics that make it ideally suited for answering specific questions about the nutritional requirements of the Indianmeal moth.
 
For example, one question was: What are the effects of varying the water content in the wheat germ diet? We found that in the absence of added glycerol, dietary water content never exceeded 17.5%, even when equilibrated in an atmosphere at 85% RH. Incorporating glycerol into the diet increased its ability to absorb moisture from the air and thus increased its dietary water content to levels that approached 30 % at 85% RH. When dietary moisture content was less than 10%, larval growth was extremely slow, but was increased significantly by adding simple sugars and glycerol. Larval growth and size were maximum when the dietary water content was 19% and the dietary glycerol/sugar content was 40%. When dietary water content exceeded 25%, only half as much dietary glycerol/sugar was needed for maximum growth. This observation suggests that generation of metabolic water by the larvae may be an important utilization of high dietary glycerol/sugar, in addition to our initial speculation that they provide energy.
 
Another question was: Why don’t Kellogg’s corn flakes support growth and development of the Indianmeal moth? We found that supplementing corn flakes with glycerol/sugar was ineffective unless we added Brewer’s yeast as well. Wheat germ oil, which provides phytosterols, vitamin E and linoleic acid, increased growth rate and larval size even more, achieving levels comparable to our standardized control diet. However, the most critical element for growth and development was provided by Brewer’s yeast. We are currently fractionating yeast to isolate and identify the vital factor(s) essential for Indianmeal moth development. At this point, we have concluded that corn flakes do not support larval development, because water, simple sugar, wheat germ oil components, and brewer’s yeast component(s) are absent or present at low levels in this processed product.
 
Plans for 2003: We plan to isolate and identify the growth factor(s) in brewer’s yeast that are critical for Indianmeal moth growth on corn flakes.
 
Publications:
Silhacek, D., C. Murphy and R.T. Arbogast. 2003. Behavior and movements of Indianmeal moths during commodity infestation. Journal of Stored Products Research 39:171-184.
 
Magazine Articles:
Anon. 2003. Scientists try to stop cereal killer. Agricultural Research 51(3):10-11.
 
Impacts:     The impact of this research is to minimize and, in some applications, eliminate the use of pesticides for the protection of cereal products whether in storage or in the marketing channels. We propose to accomplish this by either slowing or eliminating the growth and development of one target pest, the Indianmeal moth. Some processed products in the market place do not support the growth and development of this moth. We plan to identify the missing nutrient(s), so that this nutrient omission can be incorporated into other cereal products, protecting them from moth infestation.
 
Funding Sources:
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
 
Contacts:
Don L. Silhacek, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS, USDA; Phone: 352-374-5758; e-mail: dsilhacek@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu
 
 
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                                                                                  NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:     USDA, ARS
              Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology
              Gainesville, Florida
 
NC-213 Objective:     B                                                                                                                               Procedure:      2
 
By:         Arbogast, R.T.
              Kendra, P.E.
              Chini, S.R.
 
Project Objectives:      To develop trapping and contour analysis of trap catch as a method of monitoring stored product insect pests in warehouses, processing plants, and retail stores, and locating foci of infestation. Our specific objective during 2002 was to determine the relationship between trap catch and distance from a source of infestation by experimenting with representative stored-product insects.
 
Title:   Cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius): Spatial relationship between trap catch and distance from an infested product.
 
Results for 2002:    Contours of trap catch (Trécé dome traps baited with cigarette beetle pheromone lures and a food attractant oil) 6, 24, and 48 h after beetles were released at one of three points in a 3.2 x 9.0-m shed (Fig. 1) tracked the dispersal of beetles from the release points (sources of infestation). Intuitively, we would expect numbers captured at a fixed point in time to increase with proximity to a source of infestation. We would also expect numbers captured at a fixed distance from a source to increase with time. The temporal changes in contour pattern observed with all three release points were consistent with these expectations. As the beetles dispersed and total trap catch increased, the outlying traps captured more insects, but cumulative trap catch remained highest near the release point. This pattern of change in consecutive contour maps simulates temporal changes in contour pattern that have been observed in retail stores with infested products. The number of beetles (n) that had been captured by any trap 6, 24, or 48 h after release declined as an exponential decay function of distance (d) from the source of infestation: n = ae-bx, where a is the theoretical number of insects captured at the source of infestation and b is the instantaneous rate of change in numbers captured with distance from the source (Fig. 2). The results support the validity of contour mapping as a method of monitoring stored-product insects and locating foci of infestation.
 
 

 
 
 
 
 


Fig. 1. Contour maps illustrating dispersal of L. serricorne from a source of infestation (indicated by open dot). Contours show mean numbers captured 6, 24, and 48 hours (left to right) after the beetles were released. The solid dots indicate trap locations.
 

 
 
 



Fig. 2. Relationship between mean number of beetles per trap and distance of the trap from a source of infestation (point of release) after 48 hours. Combined data for all three points of release. The number of counts in each mean ranged from 5 to 20.


Plans for 2003:     Determine the spatial relationship between trap catch and distance from an infested product displayed by stored-product moths.
 
Publications:
Arbogast, R.T., P.E. Kendra, R.W. Mankin and R.C. McDonald. 2002. Insect infestation of a botanicals warehouse in north central Florida. Journal of Stored Products Research 38: 349-363.
 
Arbogast, R.T., P.E. Kendra and R.C. McDonald. 2002. Infestation of a botanicals warehouse by Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia elutella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Entomological News 113: 41-49.
 
Although these publications report infestation of stored botanicals rather than cereal products, the pest insects are the same, and the trapping and spatial analyses used would be just as applicable to warehouses containing cereal products.
 
Impacts:     A combination of trapping and spatial analysis of trap catch by contour mapping has shown promise as a reliable and practical method of monitoring stored product pests. The value of the method lies in its ability to locate as well as detect infestation and in the utility of contour maps for documentation and communication. The maps provide easily understood evidence of infestation and the effectiveness of control intervention. They are thus of value in communicating insect problems to managers and to maintenance, sanitation, and pest control personnel. However, determining the relationship between trap catch and proximity to a focus of infestation is still needed to better establish the validity of the method and to further enhance its usefulness. Experiments, such as those described in the current report, will meet these needs.
 
Funding Sources:
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
 
Contacts:
Richard T. Arbogast, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS, USDA; Phone: 352-374-5719; e-mail: tarbogast@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu
 
 
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                                                                                   NC-213 Progress Report for 2002
 
From:      Montana State University-Bozeman
               Department of Entomology1
               Plant Sciences2
 
                University of Nebraska
                Department of Food Science
 
By:            Dunkel, F.V. 1
                 Broughton, M. 1
                 Talbert, L. 2
                 Bruckner, P. 2
                 Habernicht, D. 2
                 Bullerman, L. 3
 
NC-Objective:           B                                                                                                                                          Procedure:     2a
 
Project Objectives:     Evaluate resistance of Northern Great Plains-grown hard red spring, hard red winter, hard white, and soft white wheat varieties to Montana strains of storage insects. (In 2002-3, this project will also address NC 213 Objective A, specifically to determine the effects of genetic traits, climatic factors, and agronomic practices on the quality of cereals, that is, the ability of hard wheat varieties to resist insect attack during long-term storage.)
 
Results for 2002: Our study this year tested the hypothesis that the post harvest insect resistance we previously discovered in hard spring and winter wheat of the Northern Great Plains was, in some varieties, a factor associated with the pericarp and not the endosperm and this factor was expressed independent of location or cultural practices used. We tested our hypothesis focused primarily on Montana-grown hard spring wheat varieties (‘Ernest’, Mt 9433 (now released as ‘Scholar’), ‘Hi-Line’, ‘McNeal’, ‘Newana’, ‘Amidon’, and ‘Reeder’) and to a lesser degree, due to time constraints, on Montana-grown hard winter wheats (‘Nuwest’, ‘Tiber’, ‘Rocky’, ‘Redwin’, ‘Vanguard’, and ‘Neeley’). For a sensitive control, we used the Montana-grown soft white wheat, ‘Penawawa’.
 
Using a rapid, intensive feeding bioassay (frass production), we found no significant difference in resistance to the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, among sound kernels of hard red wheat, comparing all locations and cultural conditions (irrigated versus dry land production) (Table 1). In comparisons within variety, only Amidon showed significant differences in resisting adult R. dominica feeding activity between sites and cultural conditions (Table 1). The significantly most resistant samples as indicated by lowest feeding activity (measured by lowest frass production) was Amidon produced at Moccasin under dry land conditions and Amidon produced at Huntley under irrigated conditions. As with previous studies done in our laboratory with crop years 1997 and 1998 from the Bozeman (irrigated) location (Watts and Dunkel 2003), sound kernels of all hard wheat varieties were attacked. The relative sensitivity of Ernest, however, was not as marked with this new assay system and new crop year.
 
When sub samples of these varieties from the same locations and cultural conditions as the previous test were first subjected to a heavy infestation of Plodia interpunctella and then to the same age adult R. dominica, damage was significantly greater. Each kernel chosen for this test had been damaged by P. interpunctella larvae to a category 5. Using the kernel-damage-due-to-Plodia interpunctella-feeding indices, each kernel damaged to a level 5 had “germ totally eaten, looks as if sliced off with a knife, endosperm is fully exposed behind the germ.” This collaborative damage caused the feeding damage by R. dominica to increase 2 to 7.5 fold (as measured by R. dominica frass production) (Table 2). As with the preliminary studies reported in 2001, McNeal switched from one of the most resistant varieties to the most fed upon, once the endosperm was exposed by the larvae of P. interpunctella. Therefore, we have confirmed that at least one factor conferring resistance in McNeal is located in the kernel pericarp. It seems, therefore, that in the pericarp of McNeal there is either a physical or chemical trait that confers resistance to attack by the lesser grain borer.
 
We then conducted a more extensive series of tests of sensitivity of these hard wheat varieties to the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. In the first set of tests, we compared dry weight loss and individual kernel damage during the entire larval period (from hatching to 22 da) of one generation. Plodia in contrast to Rhyzopertha are destructive only during their larval period. P. interpunctella, we found not only attacks sound hard wheat kernels in a different way than R. dominica, but also was resisted by a somewhat different set of varieties than was R. dominica. Penawawa, the susceptible control, remained in the group that sustained the highest dry weight loss but was not significantly different from dry weight loss of Newana, Amidon, McNeal, Redwin Neeley, Nuwest, Tiber, and Rocky (Table 3). Only Hi-Line, Scholar, Ernest and Vanguard had significantly less dry weight loss. Ernest and Scholar also had the lowest percentage of highly damaged (Category 5) kernels, but there was no significant difference between the hard wheats ability to resist P. interpunctella feeding damage, only between the Montana hard wheat varieties and Penawawa, the susceptible control (Table 4).
 
In the second set of assays with P. interpunctella, we compared the effect of location and cultural conditions on the resistance of hard red spring wheat varieties to P. interpunctella. These assays were conducted for 88 da for a maximum of 4 generations (Tables 5, 6). Both number of larvae, pupae, and adults produced per assay vial and level of individual kernel damage were determined. We confir med our previous year studies that P. interpunctella was able to attack and reproduce on a diet of only low moisture content, sound kernels of each of the 7 varieties of hard wheat. Number of larvae produced did not significantly vary within variety between locations or cultural conditions (Table 5). With number of adults produced, there were significant differences between locations. Only with Amidon were there significant differences due to cultural conditions within location (Table 6). This assay was designed to put a much greater feeding pressure on the wheat sample than the previous P. interpunctella assay. Given this population pressure, P. interpunctella went beyond category 5 feeding, but did not tunnel as R. dominica does. On some kernels, the entire pericarp was removed and in many kernels, there was some feeding beyond the pericarp (shallow and deep surface feeding similar to R. dominica see text insert) and beyond the germ, into the endosperm (but not with tunneling as R. dominica does, see text insert).
 
Differences in resistance detected could be due to chemical (antifeedant or nutrient content)

and/or to physical factors. We included two of these factors in our screening. In both percentage total protein and kernel hardness each of the 6 varieties we screened had significant differences between locations and between cultural conditions within location (Table 7).
 
We have acquired 108 total samples from 3 states, Montana, North Dakota, and Nebraska (Table 8). These included 23 varieties in the classes hard red winter, hard red spring, hard white wheat and soft white wheat variety (Penawawa) used as a sensitive control. With some of these varieties, we will be able to compare post harvest resistance between locations and within location between cultural conditions.
 
The first stage of determining the effect of damage from P. interpunctella and R. dominica, separately, on fungal invasion of hard wheat varieties stored at 15% moisture content (typical of high-risk areas within an individual storage structure) was completed this year. Twenty-five samples of sound kernels from crop year 2001, Montana-grown, hard spring wheat, representing 7 varieties, 4 locations, and two cultural conditions (same samples as were used for bioassays reported in Tables 1,2, 5, 6, 7) were evaluated for internal fungal infection. Three media were used for isolation from surface sterilized kernels: Czapeks ID (a selective fungicide) for Fusarium; DG-18 (with 18% glycerol and chloramphenicol to lower water activity and favor fungi tolerant of dryer conditions); and DRBC (DiChloranRose Bengal). One hundred kernels per sample per medium were incubated for two weeks. Samples from the Bozeman location were least infected, highest infection rate was 27%. All other samples had 50 to 100% of kernels internally infected with fungi, most were high moisture content field fungi, e.g., primarily Alternaria, Cladosporium, with some Fusarium. Storage fungi tolerant of low moisture conditions, e.g., Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium graminearum were rare.
 
Plans for 2003:     This project was funded by the Anderson Foundation for 2002 and 2003. As such the objectives will be to:
 
1. Determine the role of crop production location and agronomic practices on the varietal resistance / sensitivity we observed in pilot studies.
2. Explore interaction of other destructive insect species in the post harvest community of low moisture, Northern Great Plains hard wheat.
3. Determine alpha-amylase inhibitor levels in each of the wheat samples used in the post harvest varietal insect assays as an example of a biochemical post harvest resistance factor that may be possible and appropriate to incorporate into a hard wheat breeding program.
4. Determine (in collaboration with L. Bullerman, University of Nebraska-Lincoln) the effect of damage from P. interpunctella and R. dominica, separately, on fungal invasion of hard wheat varieties stored at 15% moisture content (typical of high-risk areas within an individual storage structure).
 
Publications:
Watts, V.M., and F.V. Dunkel. 2003. Post harvest resistance in hard spring and winter wheat varieties of the Northern Great Plains to the lesser grain borer (Coleopera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Economic Entomology – 96. (In press.)
 
Issues: Hard wheat is grown mainly in northern temperate areas of the world and is considered easy
class
to store due to its resistance to insect attack. Some alarming recent research results now may negate this statement. Recently, the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), a southern temperate/tropical insect that thrives on hard red wheat has been moving north (Fields and Phillips 1995). Rhyzopertha dominica is able to survive Montana conditions, probably due to its ability to locate refugia (microhabitats with the right conditions for survival) in or near the grain mass. R. dominica was officially unknown in Montana before 1987. In 1996, this insect was uncommon. In 2001, R. dominica was ranked second most frequently encountered insect by elevator operators in Montana. Unfortunately, wheat varieties are not developed for their ability to resist post harvest insect attack.
 
What Was Done:     We found that at low moisture contents typical of storage situations in the Northern Great Plains, currently popular hard spring and hard winter wheats are significantly different in their ability to resist attack by R. dominica. With the assistance of another storage insect now found in the Northern Great Plains, P. interpunctella, we determined that the resistant status of one variety (McNeal) can be significantly reversed. The most interesting result of these “collaborative damage” studies was that we confirmed degerming by the Indian meal moth significantly reversed the status of the variety McNeal (but not Hi-Line) from more resistant to the lesser grain borer to sensitive to the borer. This is interesting from a stored grain management perspective, now that it has been verified in other crop years and at other locations. In crop year 2002, McNeal comprised about 40% of the hard red spring wheat grown in Montana, a 90 fold increase over 2000.
 
Impacts:     Determining factors responsible for post harvest resistance could be objectives in a breeding program provided these factors do not affect milling, baking, noodle quality and other important end-use properties. If global warming is a reality, these southern insects, R. dominica and P. interpunctella that are moving into the Northern Great Plains could become even more of a problem in long-term storage. NC213 scientists could take the lead in developing a hard wheat variety that is good for very long term storage and thereby enhance the opportunities for producers to take advantage of fluctuations in the grain market. One variety, thus far, seems to have some potential in a resistance property that is part of the pericarp layers.
 
Funding Sources:
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station (Dunkel)
 
Anderson Foundation (Dunkel and Bullerman)
 
National Institutes of Health: Initiative for Minority Scientific Development (Watts)
 
Contacts:
Florence V. Dunkel, Department of Entomology, Montana State University; Phone: 406-994-5065; Fax: 406-994-6029 and 406-585-5608; e-mail: ueyfd@montana.edu
URL: http://scarab.montana.edu./people/flodunk.htm


Table 1. Effect of location and cultural conditions on resistance of Montana-grown wheat varieties to Rhyzopertha dominica from 0-48 hr post adult emergence to 10 da post inoculation (10 adults1/ 10 sound grain kernels / replicate; 3 replicates per variety per location per cultural condition)(same experiment as Table 2).
 

Assay Date / CropYear / Mean % Initial Moisture Content	Variety 6	Grand Mean1,3 Frass Produced by Variety	Mean1,2 Frass Produced per Assay Vial (mg)
						Moccasin Site (or other as indicated) Dry land	Huntley Site		Bozeman Site Irrigated
							Irrigated	Dry land
2 Jan 03/  1999 / 11.31	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	- 5	- 4	- 4	- 4
2 Jan 03/  2001 / 11.28	Penawawa (Susceptible ContArol)/ Big Sandy	- 4	- 5	- 4	- 4	- 4
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.31	Hi-Line	4.24A	6.47A(A)	1.93A(A) *	4.83A(A) *	3.73A(A) *
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.44	Newana	3.32A	3.83A(A) *	2.03A(A) *	4.40A(A) *	3.00A(A) *
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.50	Amidon	3.67A	1.43B(A) *	2.40B(A) *	5.97A(A) *	4.87A(A) *
17 Dec02/2001/ 9.34	McNeal	3.10A	2.43A(A) *	2.87A(A) *	3.33A(A) *	3.77A(A) *
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.33	Scholar	2.49A	3.67A(A)	2.13A(A) *	2.83A(A) *	1.33A(A) *
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.48	Ernest	3.60A	4.13A(A) *	3.57A(A) *	3.67A(A) *	3.03A(A) * *
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.60	Reeder	- 4	- 4	- 4	- 4	1.37(A)

 

 

1 During this short, intensive feeding assay, there was 100% survival in all varieties/locations/cultural conditions.
2 Means followed by the same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Letter in ( ) is from grand comparison of means from all varieties, all locations and all cultural conditions.
3 Means followed by the same letter in column within an assay date are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Mean of the 4 different growth conditions summed. Comparison made between varieties.
4 Penawawa was only grown at the Big Sandy site and Reeder was only grown at the Bozeman site.
5 These data will be available 13 January 2003.
6 Percentage Total Protein and Kernel Hardness analyses for these samples are reported in Table 7.
class=Section6>
 
*This mean was significantly increased (see Table 2) if R. dominica from the same cohort were given identical kernels, but with the germ sliced off (damage category 5) by P. interpunctella.


Table 2. Effect of location and cultural conditions on resistance of Montana-grown wheat varieties previously damaged by Plodia interpunctella1 to Rhyzopertha dominica from 0-48 hr post adult emergence to 10 da post inoculation (10 adults2/ 10 sound grain kernels / replicate; 4 replicates per variety per location per cultural condition)(same experiment as Table 1).
 

Assay Date / Crop Year / Mean % Initial Moisture Content	Variety7	Grand Mean1,6 Frass Produced by Variety	Mean1,2,3 R. dominica Frass Produced per assay vial (mg)
						Moccasin Site (or other as indicated) Dry land	Huntley Site		Bozeman Site Irrigated
							Irrigated	Dry land
17 Dec 02/    1999 / 11.31	Penawawa3 (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	-----4	-----5	-----4	-----4	-----4
17 Dec 02/  2001 / 11.28	Penawawa3 (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	-----4	-----5	-----4	-----4	-----4
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.31	Hi-Line	13.8A	12.5A(BCD)	14.7A(ABCD)	15.1A(ABCD)	12.8A(BCD)
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.44	Newana	15.7A	12.3A(BCD)	15.3A(ABCD)	21.0A(ABCD)	14.3A(ABCD)
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.50	Amidon	11.1A	9.43A(DE)	12.2A(BCD)	11.8A(BCD)	11.0A(BCDE)
17 Dec02/2001/ 9.34	McNeal	16.3A	16.4A(ABCD)	13.9A(ABCD)	19.2A(AB)	15.6A(ABCD)
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.33	Scholar	11.1A	5.2C(E)	14.8A(ABCD)	14.4A(ABCD)	10.0B(CDE)
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.48	Ernest	16.0A	18.3A(ABC)	17.2A(ABCD)	14.4A(ABCD)	13.9A(ABCD)
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.60	Reeder	-----4	------4	-----4	-------4	16.7(ABCD)

 

 

 
1 Using the kernel-damage-due-to-Plodia interpunctella-feeding indices, each of these kernels were damaged to a level 5 “germ totally eaten, looks as if sliced off with a knife, endosperm is fully exposed behind the germ.”
2 During this short, intensive feeding assay, there was 100% survival in all varieties/locations/cultural conditions.
3 Means followed by the same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Letter in ( ) is from grand comparison of means from all varieties, all locations and all cultural conditions.
4 Penawawa was only grown at the Big Sandy site and Reeder was only grown at the Bozeman site.
5 These data will be available 13 January 2003.
6 Means followed by the same letter in this column are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Mean of the 4 different growth conditions summed. Comparison made between varieties.
7 Percentage Total Protein and Kernel Hardness analyses for these samples are reported in Table 7.


 
Table 3. Resistance of Montana-grown wheat varieties to Plodia interpunctella from 0-24 hr postoviposition to 22 d (88eggs / 35 grams / replicate; 3 replicates per variety).
 

Assay Date / Crop Year /	Variety	Mean1 Percent Moisture Content (" standard deviation)		Mean1 Percentage Dry Weight Loss 2
		Before Inoculation	9 Weeks After Inoculation
20 Oct 2000/  1999	Pennewawa (Susceptible Control)	8.66	9.85	7.73AB
	Hi-Line	9.30	9.41	3.76CDE
	Newana	9.12	9.28	5.15BCDE
	Amidon	9.11	9.40	6.69ABCD
	Scholar	9.13	9.33	3.18DE
	Ernest	9.36	9.50	2.20E
	McNeal	8.99	9.22	4.98BCDE
	Redwin	9.33	9.43	6.28BCD
	Neeley	9.15	9.36	8.08AB
	Nuwest	8.97	9.48	9.86A
	Tiber	9.10	9.32	7.04ABC
	Rocky	9.32	9.35	5.92BCD
	Vanguard	9.02	9.41	3.82CDE

1 Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA).
2 Results for other damage categories available in Table 4.
3 Percentage Total Protein and Kernel Hardness analyses for these samples were reported in Watts and Dunkel 2003 for the 9 July 99 assay.


 
Table 4. Damage caused in 22 days by Plodia interpunctella to Montana winter and spring wheat varieties using a subjective damage index with five categories (88 eggs 0-24 hr postoviposition/ 35 g wheat/rep, 3 reps/variety).
 

Assay Date/ Crop Year/ Mean Initial  % Moisture Content	Variety 1	Categories of Damage2 (Mean3 Percent Kernels in Each Category)
		1	2	3	4	5
20 Oct 2000 / 1999 / 10.64	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)	32.0 B	1.9 A	1.4 A	1.7ABC	63.0A
	Hi-Line	47.3 A	2.2 A	1.0 A	1.7ABC	20.1B
	Newana	76.1 A	2.7 A	1.8 A	3.4 A	16.0B
	Amidon	71.3 A	2.5 A	1.5 A	3.1AB	21.5B
	Scholar	87.2 A	3.3 A	0.8 A	2.0ABC	6.7B
	Ernest	85.8 A	2.4 A	1.0 A	2.2ABC	8.6B
	McNeal	91.6 A	1.5 A	4.3 A	0.5C	3.3B
	Redwin	64.4 A	3.6 A	2.5 A	4.1ABC	28.1B
	Neeley	60.2 A	1.9 A	1.1 A	1.1BC	35.5B
	Nuwest
	Tiber	67.7 A	3.4 A	2.3 A	2.0ABC	24.7B
	Rocky	81.2 A	2.2 A	0.8 A	1.0BC	14.8B
	Vanguard	60.2 A	2.3 A	1.2 A	0.1C	34.9B

 
1 Percentage Total Protein and Kernel Hardness analyses for these samples were reported in Watts and Dunkel 2003 for the 9 July 99 assay.
2 Kernel-damage-due-to-insect-feeding indices: 1= Sound Kernel (no evidence of insect feeding); 2= Some evidence of surface feeding, for example, one feeding hole penetrating the pericarp; 3= pericarp over the germ is still visible, but less than 50% of pericarp over the germ remains; 4= Pericarp over the germ is still visible, but less than 50% of pericarp over germ remains, endosperm is clearly exposed; 5= germ totally eaten, looks as if sliced off with a knife, endosperm is fully exposed.
3 Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA).
 


 
Table 5. Resistance of Montana-grown wheat varieties to Plodia interpunctella and the effect of location and cultural conditions from 0-24 hr postoviposition to 82 da post inoculation, possibly three generations depending on variety (88 eggs / 35 g sound grain kernels / replicate; 4 replicates per variety per location per cultural condition)(same experiment as Table 6) (45 " 5 % R.H.; 27 " 1 degrees C).
 
 

Assay Date / Crop Year / Mean % Initial Moisture Content	Variety7	Grand Mean1,6 Frass Produced by Variety	Mean1,2,3 R. dominica Frass Produced per assay vial (mg)
						Moccasin Site (or other as indicated) Dry land	Huntley Site		Bozeman Site Irrigated
							Irrigated	Dry land
8 Aug.  2002/ 1999 /11.32	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	0 5	- 4	- 4	- 4
8 Aug. 2002/  2001 / 13.14	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	0.8 5	- 4	- 4	- 4
9 May 2002 /2001/9.31	Hi-Line	42.1B	52.5BCD	30.5CD	50.0BCD	35.5CD
9 May 02/2001/ 9.44%	Newana	50.2AB	71.8ABCD	43.8CD	57.3BCD	28.0D
9 May 02/2001/ 9.50%	Amidon	47.0AB	76.5ABCD	33.0CD	38.0CD	40.5CD
9 May 02/2001/ 9.34%	McNeal	56.4AB	75.5ABCD	39.5CD	52.8BCD	57.8BCD
9 May 02/2001/ 9.33%	Scholar	48.1AB	39.5CD	42.3CD	39.3CD	74.3ABCD
9 May 02/2001/ 9.48%	Ernest	84.1A	105A	53.0BCD	82.3ABC	96.0AB
17 Dec 02/2001/ 9.602%	Reeder	- 4	- 4	- 4	- 4	37.0CD

 

1 Percentage Total Protein and Kernel Hardness analyses for these samples are reported in Table 7.
2 Mean of the 4 different growth conditions/ locations summed. Each growth condition/ location was a mean of 4. Comparison made between varieties. Means followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA)Means used for comparison of means following ANOVA).
3 Means followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA)Means used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Letter in ( ) is from grand comparison of means from all varieties, all locations, and all cultural conditions.
4 Penawawa was only grown at the Big Sandy site and Reeder was only grown at the Bozeman site.
5 Because each rep of this grain was over 90% damaged to category 5 or greater damage, we hypothesized that the food supply was so depleted by this infestation that intense competition and cannibalism occurred and hence the low number of larvae surviving the cannibalism.
 
Table 6. Resistance of Montana-grown wheat varieties to Plodia interpunctella and the effect of location and cultural conditions from 0-24 hr postoviposition to 82 da post inoculation, possibly three generations depending on variety (88 eggs / 35 g sound grain kernels / replicate; 4 replicates per variety per location per cultural condition)(same experiment as Table 5) (45 " 5 % R.H.; 27 " 1 degrees C). 
 
 

Assay Date / Crop Year / Mean % Initial Moisture Content	Variety7	Grand Mean1,6 Frass Produced by Variety	Mean1,2,3 R. dominica Frass Produced per assay vial (mg)
						Moccasin Site (or other as indicated) Dry land	Huntley Site		Bozeman Site Irrigated
							Irrigated	Dry land
8 Aug.  2002/  1999 / 11.32	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	0 5	- 4	- 4	- 4
8 Aug. 2002/  2001 / 13.14	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	0.8 5	- 4	- 4	- 4
9 May 2002 /2001/9.31	Hi-Line	13.25A	14.25(ABCDE)	4.50(E)	12.75(ABCDE)	21.50(A)
9 May 2002 /2001 /9.44	Newana	11.69A	13.50(ABCDE)	9.75(BCDE)	16.00(ABCDE)	7.50(CDE)
9 May 2002 /2001/9.50	Amidon	10.0A	7.25(CDE)	7.00(CDE)	19.75(AB)	6.00(E)
9 May 2002/ 2001/9.34	McNeal	6.88A	9.75(BCDE)	5.50(E)	5.75(E)	6.50(DE)
9 May 2002 /2001/9.33	Scholar	11.36A	12.75(ABCDE)	9.20(BCDE)	18.25(ABCD)	5.25(E)
9 May 2002/ 2001/9.48	Ernest	11.56A	18.50(ABC)	6.25(E)	12.00(ABCDE)	9.50(BCDE)
9 May 2002 /2001/9.62	Reeder	- 4	- 4	- 4	- 4	10.75(ABCDE)

 

1 Percentage Total Protein and Kernel Hardness analyses for these samples are reported in Table 7.
2 Means followed by the same letter in a row within an assay date are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Letter in ( ) is from grand comparison of means from all locations and cultural conditions.
3 Mean of the 4 different location / growth conditions summed. Each location / growth condition was a mean of 4 also. Comparison made between varieties.
 4 Penawawa was only grown at the Big Sandy site and Reeder was only grown at the Bozeman site.
5 Because each rep of this grain was over 90% damaged to category 5 or greater damage, we hypothesized that the food supply was so depleted by this infestation that intense competition and cannibalism occurred and hence the low number of larvae surviving to adulthood


 
Table 7. Percentage total protein1 and kernel1 hardness of Montana-grown wheat varieties used in resistance studies with Rhyzopertha dominica and Plodia interpunctella (100 sound grain kernels / hardness determination).
 

 

Assay Date / Crop Year / Mean % Initial Moisture Content	Variety7	Grand Mean1,6 Frass Produced by Variety	Mean1,2,3 R. dominica Frass Produced per assay vial (mg)
						Moccasin Site (or other as indicated) Dry land	Huntley Site		Bozeman Site Irrigated
							Irrigated	Dry land
1999	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	12.03M / 34.00N	- 4	- 4	- 4
2001	Penawawa (Susceptible Control)/ Big Sandy	- 4	10.92N / 26.93O	- 4	- 4	- 4
2001	Hi-Line	15.74A / 80.35A	17.27B / 88.72CDE	14.57J / 81.38FGH	17.27B / 66.51LM	13.83K / 84.77EF
2001	Newana	14.52A / 80.40A	15.50DEFG / 94.03AB	13.23L / 81.60FGH	15.67DE / 64.63M	13.67K / 81.35FGH
2001	Amidon	14.93A / 85.99A	15.57DEF / 94.57AB	13.87K / 84.54EFG	15.50DEFG / 75.73JK	14.77I / 89.10CD
2001	McNeal	14.91A / 89.39A	16.50C / 97.34A	13.23L / 85.94DEF	14.47J / 84.51EFG	15.43EFG / 89.65CD
2001	Scholar	15.45A / 83.47A	17.60A / 92.44BC	13.17L / 75.33JK	15.73D / 77.10IJK	15.30GH / 89.01CD
2001	Ernest	15.41A / 75.68A	17.30B / 80.17GHI	13.73K / 73.54K	15.20H / 69.71L	15.40FG / 79.29HIJ
2001	Reeder	- 4	- 4	- 4	- 4	15.50DEFG / 66.54LM

 

1 Total protein determinations were obtained with an Infratec 1225 NIR (3 reps per sample); Kernel hardness was obtained with a Perten single kernel hardness instrument (3 reps of 100 kernels each).
2 Means followed by the same letter in grand comparison of  means from all locations and cultural conditions are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA).
3 Means followed by the same letter in this column date are not significantly different at the 5% level (Student-Newman-Keuls grouping used for comparison of means following ANOVA). Mean of the 4 different growth conditions summed. Comparison made between varieties, all locations and growth conditions combined.
 4 Penawawa was only grown at the Big Sandy site and Reeder was only grown at the Bozeman site.
 
Table. 8 (Next Page). Grain samples acquired as of 31 December 2002 for Anderson Project Post harvest Insect Resistance Project.

 

State

Location

Crop Year

Variety

Cultural Condition

Alliance

Alsen

Amidon

Big Sky

Culver

Ernest

Grandin

Hi-Line

McNeal

Millennium

Neeley

Newana

Nuwest

Oxen

Parshall

Penawawa

Reeder

Rocky

Russ

Scholar

Tiber

Vanguard

Wahoo

North Dakota

Williston

2001

X

X

X

X

X

X

dry land

Heddinger

2001

X

X

X

X

dry land

Fargo

2001

X

X

X

X

X

X

dry land

Nebraska

Lincoln

2001

X

X

X

X

dry land

Aliance

X

X

X

X

dry land

Mead

X

X

X

X

dry land

Clay Center

X

X

X

X

dry land

Montana