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Biology & Ecology
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Using Insect Parasitic Nematodes
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 Mating of Steinernema feltiae. Steinernematid
nematodes must mate to produce offspring. This slide shows a male S. feltiae
wrapped around the larger female in the the mating position..
Photo: Dawn Gouge. Texas A&M
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 Eggs of Steinernema feltiae. In utero.
Adult female nematodes produce eggs inside the host insect. The
immature nematode undergoes on molt within the egg, emerges as a second stage juvenile,
and develops through a third and fourth immature stage before becoming sexually mature
adults. Photo: Dawn Gouge. Texas A&M
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 Sciarid
fly larva infected with nematodes. Nematodes are clearly visible
within the body cavity of this small fungus gnat larva. Fungus gnats in mushroom
casings and in greenhouse soil are susceptible to infection by steinernematid nematodes.
Photo: Dawn Gouge. Texas A&M
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 Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora infected waxmoth larvae. 36 hours post-infection, these
larvae glow due to the symbiotic bacteria, P. luminescens.
Photo: Marshall Johnson. Univ. of Hawaii
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 Black vine weevil. The
pupae on the left are infected with Heterorhabditis bacteriphora - on the right,
healthy, non-infected.
Photo: Harry Kaya. Univ. of California - Davis
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 First instar Liriomyza
larva. Steinernema carpocapsae entering larva via anus.
Photo: Lynn LeBeck. Univ. of Hawaii
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Beet armyworm pupa with emerging nematodes.
Infection of an insect by only a few nematodes can result in the
production of thousands of infective juveniles, which emerge from the infected insect and
are able to seek out more insects in the soil. Photo: Arnold
Hara. Univ. of Hawaii
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Life cycle of Steinernematid nematodes.
Photo: Dawn Gouge. Texas A&M. |
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 Hand application of nematodes with repeating
syringe in field. Nematodes can be applied with standard pest
control equipment and are compatible with many agrichemicals. The standard
application rate is one billion nematodes per acre (250,000 per square meter).
Photo: Jan Jackson. Pioneer.
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 Clay formulation of nematodes.
Photo: Randy Gaugler |
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