|
Zearalenone
(ppm=parts per million) |
|
Swine |
Concentration |
Duration |
Effect |
| Prepubertal gilts |
1-5 ppm |
3-7 days |
Hyperestrogenism,
prolapse |
| Sexually mature open
gilts |
3-10 ppm |
Mid-cycle (day 11-14) |
Anestrus,
pseudopregnancy |
| Bred
sows |
15-30
ppm |
1st
trimester |
Early
embryonic death, small litters |
| Juvenile
boars |
10-50
ppm |
Indefinite |
Reduced
libido, small testicles |
| Mature
boars |
200
ppm |
Indefinite |
No
effect |
|
Cattle
|
| Virgin
heifers |
12
ppm |
Open
Heifers |
Reduced
conception |
| Dairy
cows |
50
ppm |
Open
cows |
Reduced
conception |
|
Poultry |
|
Broilers
& turkey poults |
200
ppm |
Indefinite |
No
effect |
|
|
|
Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) |
| Swine |
| Feeder
pigs |
1-3
ppm |
1-5
days |
Reduced
feed intake |
| Feeder
pigs |
5-10
ppm |
1-5
days |
50%
reduction in feed intake, vomiting |
| Feeder
pigs |
10-40
ppm |
1-5
days |
Complete
feed refusal, vomiting |
| Sows |
3-5
ppm |
Gestation,
lactation |
Lower
fetal weights, or no effect |
| Cattle |
| Feeder
cattle |
10
ppm |
Indefinite |
No
effect |
| Dairy
cows |
6 ppm |
6
weeks |
No
effect or slightly reduced feed intake |
| Dairy
cows |
12 ppm |
10
weeks |
No
effect on milk production |
| Poultry |
| Broilers
and turkey poults |
50 ppm |
Indefinite |
No
effect |
|
|
|
Fumonisins
(FB1 and/or FB2) |
|
Horses |
Concentration |
Duration |
Effect |
|
All
classes and ages |
>10
ppm |
30
days |
Liver
damage, leucoencephalomalacia, death |
|
Swine |
|
All classes and ages
|
>25
ppm |
30
days |
Reduced
gain and feed efficiency, mild liver damage |
|
All classes and ages
|
>50
ppm |
10
days |
Reduced
gain and feed efficiency, moderate liver damage |
|
All classes and ages
|
>100
ppm |
5
days |
Severe
pulmonary edema, death |
|
Cattle and sheep |
|
All classes and ages
|
>100
ppm |
30
days |
Slightly
reduced gain, mild liver damage |
|
All classes and ages
|
>200
ppm |
14
days |
Reduced
feed intake and gain, moderate liver damage |
|
Turkeys |
|
All classes and ages
|
>100
ppm |
7-21
days |
Reduced
feed intake, liver damage, diarrhea, rickets, tibial lesions |
|
Chickens |
|
All classes and ages
|
>200
ppm |
7-21
days |
Reduced
feed intake, liver damage, diarrhea, rickets, tibial lesions |
|
|
|
Aflatoxins
(ppb=parts per billion) |
|
Swine |
Concentration |
Effect |
|
All classes and ages
|
200
ppb |
Slow
growth, reduced feed efficiency |
|
All classes and ages
|
400
ppb |
Liver
damage and immune suppression |
|
Feeder
cattle |
|
All classes and ages
|
400
ppb |
Tissue
residues |
|
All classes and ages
|
700
ppb |
Mild
liver damage, reduced growth and feed efficiency |
|
All classes and ages
|
1000
ppb |
Moderate
liver damage and weight loss |
|
All classes and ages
|
2000
ppb |
Severe
liver damage, jaundice, death |
|
Dairy
cows |
|
Lactating cows
|
20
ppb |
Detectable
aflatoxin in milk |
|
Lactating cows
|
1500
ppb |
Decreased
milk production |
|
Poultry |
|
Broiler chicks
|
210
ppb |
No
effect |
|
Turkeys
|
250
ppb |
Reduced growth |
|
Broiler
chicks
|
420
ppb |
Lose weight, moderate liver damage after 3 weeks |
|
Horses |
|
All classes and ages
|
400
ppb |
Liver
damage and immune suppression |
|
Munkvold, G., Osweiler,
G., Hartwig, N. 1997 Iowa State University Ext. PM-1698
|